Answer this question in your teams:

1. Answer this question in your teams: • Would you risk taking part in a revolution against your government despite the consequences failure might bring? • What would be the “tipping point” for you being willing to fight?

2. Revolution! World History

3. The American Revolution • Colonists were being treated unfairly by the King • Extreme taxation! • Limiting trade! • Soldiers in their homes! • Oppressive laws!

4. Declaration of Independence

5. Constitution

6. Bill of Rights

7. When were these documents put into effect?

8. France—The Old Regime • Estates- three large social classes in France • Privileged Estates- access to high offices, exemptions from paying taxes • First Estate: clergy of the Roman Catholic Church owned 10% of the land in France provided education and services to the poor contributed 2% of its income to the gov’t

9. The Old Regime • Second Estate: rich nobles about 2% of the population owned 20% of the land paid almost no taxes Both of these estates distrusted Enlightenment ideals!

10. The Old Regime • Third Estate- most of the population; made up of different groups • Bourgeoisie • Workers • Peasants

11. Bourgeoisie • Middle class. Mostly bankers, merchants, professionals, skilled artisans. • Often well educated • Embraced the Enlightenment (especially liberty and equality) • Some were wealthy, but they paid high taxes • Felt they deserved more power

12. Workers • Poorest group • Lived in cities • Tradespeople, laborers, domestic servants • Paid very low wages, often unemployed • Often went hungry

13. Peasants • Largest group—more than 80% of the population of France • Paid half their income in dues to nobles, tithes to The Church, and taxes to the king’s intendents. • Resented the clergy and nobles for their special treatment

15. Economic problems in the 1780’s • High taxes limited business profits • Higher prices meant cost of living was rising • Bad weather means low crop production. Prices of grain rise drastically! • France was in a ton of debt • Left over from past leaders • Spent too much helping America in the Revolutionary War defeat England

16. Weak Leaders • Marie Antoinette • Louis XVI • She’s Austrian • Nickname “Madame Defecit” • (Jewels, Gambling, Gifts) • Spent 1.5M in gambling one year • Indecisive, wont take action • Waits until France practically has • no money left. Decides to tax • nobility

17. Comte D’Antraigues • “The Third Estate is the People and the People is the foundation of the State; it is in fact the State itself; the…People are everything. Everything should be subordinated to it…It is in the People that all national power resides and for the People that all states exist.” • What Enlightenment philosophies do you see? Who came up with these? Do we see this in the “Old Regime”?

18. Reign of Terror • Maximilen Robespierre- In 1793, he gains power, makes radical changes to make France more secular. • closed churches in Paris • Changed the calendar to eliminate Sundays • Believed terror was necessary to keep France virtuous

19. Reign of Terror • Robespierre becomes leader of the Committee of Public Safety • Protected the Revolution from its enemies. • “Trial” in morning, guillotine in the afternoon. • Anyone who threatened Robespierre’s power was killed.

20. Reign of Terror • As many as 40,000 people were executed total • About 85% were members of the Third Estate! • Peasants, urban poor, middle class • In July 1794, leaders finally turned on Robespierre and had him executed for their own safety. • The terror and the radical phase of the Revolution ends, a moderate, “committee-style” government is formed. • Run by upper middle class

21. Robespierre’s arrest

22. Napoleon Bonaparte • Very short—only 5’3”! • Attended military school, joined the army of the “new government” when Revolution broke out • Led the defense of the Revolution government from invading royalists as an army gunner. • Hailed as a hero throughout France!

23. Napoleon Bonaparte • In 1796, given control of the French forces and won many battles across Europe. • Tried to take the army to Egypt but was defeated by the British • Kept the defeats out of the newspapers . His “hero” reputation remained!

24. Coup d’état! • The “committee” government began to lose power. People encouraged Napoleon to take over. • Napoleon had the army surround the legislature building and drove out most of the members. • Those remaining voted Napoleon to a high political position. • Napoleon seized control and assumed the powers of a dictator! • Coup d’état- to suddenly take power by military force

25. Restore Order • Seven years of Revolution made the French people tired of chaos. • In 1800, they voted to approve a new constitution that gave all real power to Napoleon. • This restored political stability!

26. Restore Order • Set up national banks • Efficient tax collection system • Decreased government corruption • Opened lycées, or government-run public schools • Open to male students of all backgrounds. • Graduates were appointed to public office on the basis of merit!

27. Religion is back! • The Revolution had pushed to eliminate religion in France • The peasants and clergy did not like this! • Napoleon listened; he signed an agreement with the Pope to restore Catholicism to France for his people… BUT • The Church would have no control in national affairs. • People were happy to have their religion back. Clergy were happy to regain their autonomy.

28. Napoleon is crowned emperor (1804) • Napoleon takes the crown from the Pope and places it on his own head!

29. Napoleonic Code • Napoleon’s favorite accomplishment • A system of laws that was uniform across the country • Limited liberty, promoted authority instead of individual rights (limited speech and press) • Restored slavery to the French colonies

30. The Americas • Napoleon wants more power in the Americas • Lucrative sugar producing colonies • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and the Revolutions, the colonies (and slaves) rebel • French military is too weak with disease to fight back • Napoleon decides to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million • Less than five cents per acre!!! • This gave France CASH and punished the British!

31. Europe • Napoleon decides to build up his empire in Europe • Wins pieces of the Netherlands, Italy, and Switzerland • The British aren’t pleased—build an alliance against him • Russia, Austria, Sweden • Napoleon did well! Eventually forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to sign peace treaties. • Built the largest European empire since the Romans!

33. Great Britain In the Way • British Navy is very strong, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson • Napoleon meets Nelson in the SW corner of Spain (near Gibraltar, which GB had control of after the 100 years war…) • Nelson out-maneuvers Napoleon, cutting off 2/3 of his fleet and capturing them! • Results: • GB retains its naval dominance for the next 100 years • Napoleon was forced to give up his plan to invade England

34. Napoleon’s struggles • Napoleon and his wife Josephine were struggling to have a child, so Napoleon divorced her and remarried an Austrian princess, Marie Louise. • He needed an heir to take over when he died. • Napoleon always craved more and more power • The empire stayed whole for only 5 years (1807-1812) before beginning to collapse.

35. Napoleon’s Mistakes • Continental System- tried to form a blockade around Great Britain to make the “continent” independent. • This would kill British trade! • BUT…it didn’t work! The blockade wasn’t strong enough. Many allies violated it to trade with the British.

36. Napoleon’s Mistakes • Peninsular war- Napoleon wanted to convince Portugal to participate in the continental system, but he had to march through Spain to get there! • Spanish were not happy, many began to protest • Protests turned into violent, guerillastyle clashes • British troops came to help the Spanish!

37. Napoleon’s Mistakes • Invasion of Russia- Napoleon and Czar Alexander did not trust one another. • Napoleon brings his huge army (420,000 men!) into Russia; Russian troops pull back and drag Napoleon further inland, destroying everything as they go. • Arrive in Moscow to find it deserted and destroyed. Napoleon’s army grows more and more weak! • Decide to retreat; only 10,000 make it back (cold weather, disease, attacking Russians, lack of supplies)

38. Napoleon’s Defeat • French army was terribly weak, so Britain and her allies attacked. • Napoleon agrees to surrender and live in exile on a small Italian island… • …but Louis XVIII, the new King, is weak…and Napoleon comes back! Hailed as a savior for the “Hundred Days” • Battle of Waterloo- British and Prussians finally defeat Napoleon for good.

39. Napoleon’s legacy • Military genius • Impressive coup d’etat • Bringing strength to France in a time of chaos • Restored political stability!