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Chapter III

Asian Culture: HU 201. Chapter III. Introduction to East Asia. Lecturer: Mr. Piseth Yin. Chapter Outline Introducing East Asia Natural Environment East Asia’s Past A century of Transition and Changes People in East Asia Government in East Asia East Asian Economics

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Chapter III

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  1. Asian Culture: HU 201 Chapter III Introduction to East Asia Lecturer: Mr. Piseth Yin Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  2. Chapter Outline • Introducing East Asia • Natural Environment • East Asia’s Past • A century of Transition and Changes • People in East Asia • Government in East Asia • East Asian Economics • East Asia’s Looks Ahead Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  3. Introducing East Asia • The term East Asia brings to mind countries filled with people in crowded cities bustling about their daily business. • East Asia includes mainland China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. • East Asia is a huge region, and it holds nearly one-fourth of the world’s population. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  4. Much of the region is subject to natural hazards. Devastating earthquakes have killed hundreds of thousands of people and have caused billion of dollars in damage. • Some problems exist in the region : China, for example, suffers from air and water pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and severe erosion. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  5. Natural Environment • The Land • The land area of East Asia is a little bit more than 4.5 million square miles ( 11.7 million square kilometers.) • In terms of land and productivity, East Asia can best be thought of as a huge doughnut. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  6. The “Roof o the world” , the Plateau ofTibet, reach well at 10,000 feet (3,050 m). • In the Himalayas, Mount Everest is the world highest mountain, 8,859 m high. • Located in Mongolia and northern China, Gobi Desert is a windswept, nearly treeless wasteland. In this area, camels are entitled “ships of the desert”. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  7. Climate and Ecosystems • All of East Asia lies in the temperate lati-tute. With the exception or Japan’s northern island of Hokaido, almost the entire region falls within one of three climate zones and their related ecosystems. • Temperatures are warm and humid in the summer cool and slightly drier in the winter. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  8. Moving inland to Mongolia and central and western China, in summer the temperatures often soar to well above 100 0F (38 0C). • Climate and vegetation are important influences on soil type and potential agricultural productivity. In this regard, china, the Koreas, and Japan are extremely fortunate. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  9. Environmental Hazards • East Asia ranks at or near the top in frequency of destruction resulting from six of nature’s most violent events: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami (called tidal waves), typhoons, earth flow or slide, and flooding. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  10. Geologic Hazards • A huge zone of geologic instability surround almost all of the Pacific basin. • Most of East Asia volcanic activity is limited to Japan. The country has about 40 active volcanoes, 10 percent of the world’s total. • Tsunamis (the word in Japanese means “Harbor wave”) are huge waves caused by earthquakes or earth slides on the ocean floor. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  11. Atmospheric Hazards • All East Asian countries except Mongolia can be effected by the raging winds and drenching rain that accompany typhoons in the Atlantic Ocean. • Typhoon winds exceed 75 miles (120 km) pre hour and on occasion reach 150 miles (250 km) per hour or even higher. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  12. Flooding • All areas of East Asia, even the desert, are subject to flooding. Flood problems have taken millions of lives, left tens of millions homeless, and inflicted billions of dollars in property damage. • The main courses of floods in the area are: The dense population, and extensive deforestation. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  13. Three Gorges Dam Human history has been marked by a constant single that pits mankind against natural forces. What happen on the Yangze River is a Hydro-power damp, a cost estimated as high as 75 billion US dollars. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  14. The Dam provides advantages and disadvantages. Advantages: • Flood control • Production of hydro-electronic energy • Navigation improvement on the Yangze River Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  15. Disadvantages: • 2 million people have been displaced by the rising water of the reservoir • Lost wildlife habitat and endangered species • Cause climate change in the area • Archeological sites have been lost Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  16. East Asia’s Past Early Humans in East Asia • The earliest humans discovered thus far in East Asia were located in a small village, Zhoukoudan, located about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Beijing. • Today, Zhoukoudiand is a UNESCO World Heritage and archaeologists conti-nue to excavate in search of additional clue of early people. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  17. China • Early History: From these early humans, civilizations developed as long as 4,000 years near the Huang River in north China. • For much of it history, China has been like a sponge: It has soaked up ideas, technology, and other culture traits from neighboring people . Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  18. In the Long history, China Existed of Many Dynasties: Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  19. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  20. Great Wall of China Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  21. China Extends Its Reach • Influence of the Han Dynasty reached to Korea, where the Koguryo Kingdom (37 B.C—A.D 668) was the first to come in contact with the Chinese. • The Three Kingdoms: - Koguryo (37 B.C—A.D668) - Baekje by King Onjo in 18 B.C - Silla by King BakHyeokgeose in 57 B.C Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  22. China’s fingers continued to reach in other directions under the Jin, Sui, and Tang dynasties. • China was becoming an international trade center, and civil service system based on Confucian philosophy was installed during the Tang Dynasty. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  23. Song Dynasty reunified the country; it controlled most of the lands of modern China until 1127. • Industry centers, hubs for agricultural activities, trade centers, and even military power were developed remarkably in the song Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  24. Japan • Japan is believed to be created by two Gods who descended from heaven. • Jammu became the first human emperor of Japan in 660 B.C. Because of this reason, the islands are described as the Land of the Rising Sun. • The Kofun (A.D 300—645) and Asuka (A.D 538—710) are considered the first period controlled by Japanese rulers. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  25. Kyoto is the city during which the Heian period lasted for nearly 400 years from 794—1185. During the period, a process of decentralizing power occurred. • The Kamakura and Muromachi eras (1333—1573) were marked by disunity at the beginning, and then they came up with a full power in 1392. • During this time, Buddhism and Shinto became very popular, and some kinds of goods: silk, porcelain, and books were imported from China. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  26. Japan started the relationship with the Western in 1542, when the Portuguese arrived because it needed weapons. • The beginning of the seventeenth century found Japan entering a new era called The Tokugawa or Edo (1600—1867). • Tokugawa Ieyasu had overcome all rivals by 1600 and established his capital in the city Edo (Tokyo). Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  27. Japan Closes Its Doors • Japan closed nearly its doors to the outside world during the Tokugawa period because Ieyasu did not trust the foreigners. • As Japan turned inward during the Tokugawa, everything developed rapidly in the cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo. Handicraft, industries sprouted up in these urban areas, and Tokyo became a center for production of food and consumer goods. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  28. The samurai is the key term used to represent the noble warrior class during the Edo period, and it played very important role in Japan history. • Since the start of eighteenth century, Japan opened its doors to the world, especially with Russia, British, and even America. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  29. Japan Becomes a World Power • During the Mutsuhito’s rule, military weapons and technology remarkably developed compared to that of the West. • A number of other reforms based on Western ideas included the development of a stock market and a market economy. • Telegraphs, roads, railroads, weapons, factories, and other infrastructure developments improved the country’s military abilities. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  30. Soon after the Meiji Restoration, Japan’s economic and military machines were working at top speed. • Japan won the Sino—Japanese war in 1894—1895. • Russia was defeated in1904—1905 . • The significant victories marked Japan the first time an Asian country had defeated a European power. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  31. Korea • The name Korea drawn from the dynasty, Koryo, which united from the Three Kingdoms: The Koguryo, the Baekje, and the Silla, and ruled until 1392. • Koryo’s civilization reached its peak in 1231, during which the Mongols invaded the penin-sula. • Finally, the Mongols were expelled from Korea in 14th century by the Chinese and local rebels. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  32. The Chosun Dynasty began and lasted more than 5 centuries (1392—1910). • General Yi Song-Gye became the first emperor of the new dynasty in 1392. • Seoul became the permanent city in 1394. • Hangul was established as the Korean alphabet by King Sejong in 1443, and it serves as the basic for today’s written Korean language. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  33. Throughout 18th century, Western ideas entered Chosun by way of China. • Chosun basically closed its doors to outsiders because of fears of impact of Catholic missionaries who were viewed negatively. • When Japan forced an unequal treaty on Koreans in 1876, Korea tried to neutralize the treaties with Italy, Russia, Great Britain, the United States and others in 19th century. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  34. Mongolia • Mongolia reached the zenith of its power more than 5 centuries ago. • Starting with Genghis Khan, Mongolia was well prepared to establish outstanding warriors and had conquered the others: China, Korea, and Japan. • By 1241, expeditions had reached not only into China and Korea, but into some countries in Europe: Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, Italy, Austria… Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  35. Why did the Mongol Empire eventually collapse? • After Khan died, Yuan Dynasty was a successor. • Not good governance • The Mongols did not culturally or socially absorb the conquered people. • Perhaps not enough Mongols to rule the conquered land. • Civil war broke out Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  36. Taiwan • Taiwan was known as Formosa Island, and it has been under the foreign domination many times during its past: Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch in 16th and 17th centuries. • The Manchus annexed the island from 1662—1683, it remained a part of China until the end of the Sino-Japanese war in 1895. • Taiwan remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  37. A Century of Transition and Change • At the dawn of 20th century, only Japan was a new world power. • Japan’s victories over: • China in 1805 • Russia in 1905 • Korea in 1910 Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  38. China and Mongolia Take New Direction • “Three principles of the People”: Nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood were advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. • Yuan Sikai assumed the provisional presidency of the Republic of China in January 1912. • Qing emperor abdicated in Feb. 1912. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  39. Yuan Sikai denied democratic rule and became dictatorial. • Kuomingtang (KMT) won the parliament majority in 1913, resulting a KMT leader’s assassination. • To prevent his dictatorship, Yuan allowed outer Mongolia in 1915 to became independent and to place Russia interests, and tried to make himself China’s Monarch. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  40. Mongolia remained under the two strong regional powers; however, the Treaty of Kyakhta was signed in 1915 by Russia, China and Mongolia to provide Mongolia autonomy. • During World War I, Russia was reoccupied by other activities, and Mongolia became less important. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  41. Japan Flexes Its Military Muscle • Japan was the strongest power in East Asia at the start of 20th century, and it sought to further expand it influence in the region. • After World War I, when conditions were chaotic in China, Japan pushed for the country to become a protectorate. • In 1919, massive student demonstrations against both the Chinese and Japanese government broke out. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  42. This sparked the return of Sun Yat-sen who was able to assumed control much of southern China by 1921. • Hirohito became emperor of Japan in 1929, and his reign is called Showa period. • By military consolidation power, Japan invaded and seized Manchuria in 1931 and turned it into a puppet state called Manchukuo. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  43. In 1937, Japan invaded China. • Hundreds of thousands of Chinese were killed, tortured or raped by ruthless Japanese troops. • In 1939, Japan launched an invasion of East Mongolia, but the attack was repulsed by Soviet Union and Mongolian forces. • In World War II in 1939, Japan turned its targets to Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  44. The major obstacle was the United States with its bases in Pacific , Hawaii and in the Philippines. • In Dec. 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprising attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and on the U.S base in Manila hours later. • With the U.S drawn in to the war, Japan’s early successes turned in to disaster. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  45. In June 1921, Japan and its Axis were pushed backward to homelands by the Allies. • The war left Japan defeated, devastated and occupied by the United States under forces led by General Douglas MacArthur. • In 1945, the U.S used a new weapon: Atomic bomb on Japan’s cities of Hiroshima (Killing 100,000) and Nagasaki (Killing 75,000 more). Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  46. Japanese military leaders still would not surrendered, but Emperor Hirohito did. • World War II in the Pacific finally ended , and Japan lay in ruins. • In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution that was drafted by the United States. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  47. The Korean Peninsula • Under Japan occupation, Koreans were poorly treated, resulted in resentment to build against the foreign rulers. • Korean males were forced into Japan’s military and Koreans were required to speak Japanese. • Because of resistance, Japan loosened its grip on Korea during the 1920s, a time when positive steps were taken in economic, political, and social arenas. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  48. One Korean communist, Kim Il Sung had been a guerrilla who fought against the Japanese rule. • During the war, the United States and Soviet were the only 2 supper powers that divided the peninsula into two: North and South Koreas. • In 1948, with American support, South Korea declared that it was the independent country, the Republic of Korea. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  49. North Korea declared its sovereignty a month later. • With superior military forces trained by Russia, North Korea invaded South Korea in June 25, 1950. • To stop the invasion from N. Korea, the United Nation Security Council adopted the resolution in order to send international forces to Korea. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

  50. The US troops and forces from 15 other countries were sent to S. Korea. • In 1953, the fighting ended with North and South Korea signing a cease-fire agreement. • As a result, nearly 5 million people had died in the conflict and the peninsula was in ruins. Lecturer: Piseth Yin

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