Reading notes quiz#1, answer 4 of 5:

1. Reading notes quiz#1, answer 4 of 5: • does irradiating food add radiation to food? Explain • Describe the “octet rule” • What are the two types of chemical bonds • List at least 3 important properties of water • Biological molecules are grouped into four categories; list at least 3 of these four.

2. Biological molecules are grouped into four categories. List 3 of these 4. How do perms and relaxers work on hair? Describe the difference between a monomer and a polymer; give an example of a monomer and a polymer (your example does not have to be a biomolecule). Like all lipids, a triglyceride is insoluble in water because it lacks many fill in the blankfunctional groups. Triglycerides are used for fill in the blank and are made from two subunits, a single molecule of fill in the blank plus three molecules of fill in the blank. Reading Notes Quiz#2:Answer 3 of these 4 questions Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Fatty acids Glycerol Amino acid Glycogen Long-term energy storage Quick and ready source of energy Storing genetic information Making a phospholipid membrane

3. What did this little piggy build his house with? (why does he build it with that that stuff, and how does he build it?) What do you get if you crack open a cell?

4. What: You are what you eat!the four classes of biomolecules Lipids (fat) Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) Protein (amino acid) Carbohydrates (sugars)

5. Why build a cell with these materials? What:Why (what is used for?): Lipids (fat) store energy (fats and oils) build cell membranes (cholesterol & phospholipids) cell to cell signaling (steroids) Sugar (carbohydrates) build cell structures (cellulose), quick energy (glucose) Protein build cell structures (microtubules) build cellular machines (enzymes) Nucleic acid store genetic information (DNA)

6. How do you build a cell: Biomolecules are built using a carbon scaffold + functional groups Carbon scaffold (C and H) Analogy: train cars string of Christmas lights Functional groups (O, N, P, S) Analogy: Different cargo in each train car Different colored light bulbs monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer “Food” is a polymer, you tear it down into monomers a rebuild polymers Analogy: tear down a house into 2x4’s, bricks, windows, and rebuild

7. Biomolecule #1Lipids - water insoluble hydrocarbons (C + H): triglycerides (fats and oils) phospholipids cholesterol / steroids What’s their structure? What are they made from? What’s their function?

8. One type of lipid: Triglycerides (fats and oils) glycerol + fatty acid (sugar alcohol) + (hydrocarbon)

9. Why are hydrocarbons (like fatty acids) insoluble in water? WHAT IS A TRIGLYCERIDE USED FOR?

10. Different types of fatty acids: Saturated: all bonds between carbon are single bonds Unsaturated: some double bonds between carbons (therefore less Hydrogens) cis vs trans affects there physical property Page 43, fig 3.13

11. Another type of lipid: Phospholipids Phospholipids - p 44, fig 3.14 how are these different from triglycerides (fats and oils)? (what are they made from?) What’s their function?

12. Another type of lipid: cholesterol & steroids cholesterol & steroids - p 44, fig 3.15 how are these different from phospholipids and triglycerides? What are they made from? how are they similar? What’s their function?

13. Biomolecule #1Lipids - water insoluble hydrocarbons (C + H): triglycerides (fats and oils) long term energy storagephospholipids build cell membranescholesterol / steroids building cell membranes & signaling between cells Lipids are insoluble in water because they are built from hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because they do not have any functional groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. Why is a water-insoluble molecule good for: storing energy, or building cell membranes, or signaling between cells?

14. Biomolecule #2Carbohydrates (sugars) - Carbon + H2O: monomers: glucose, fructose, galactose glycerolribose, deoxyribose polymers: Disaccharides (lactose, maltose) starch glycogen Cellulose Chitin

15. Carbohydrates monomers

16. carbohydrates polymers: various uses starch, glycogen, cellulosechitin (glucose + NH2, amino functional group

17. Biomolecule #2Carbohydrates (sugars) - Carbon + H2O: monomers:function: glucose, fructose, galactose quick energy sourceglycerol build triglyceridesribose, deoxyribose build DNA, and RNA polymers:function: Disaccharides (lactose, maltose) quick energy sourcestarch energy storage (plants) glycogen energy storage (muscle) Cellulose build structures Chitin build structures

18. Biomolecule #3Proteins - modified carbon skeleton backbone:backbone is amino + carbon + carboxylic acid, plus many diverse functional groups monomers:amino acids polymers: peptides/proteins enzymes Microtubules Hemoglobin Membrane proteins

19. Protein monomer is amino acid.amino acids have modified carbon skeleton backbone:amino + carbon + carboxylic acid, plus many diverse functional groups

20. Amino Acid Functional Groups: Proteins are the most versatile biomolecules because they are made from chemically diverse monomers (amino acids with many different functional groups)

21. A protein (or peptide) is a polymer made from amino acids

22. Biomolecule #3Proteins - …but what does a protein do? Just about everything! polymers: peptides/proteinsfunction: enzymes “machine” / metabolism Microtubules used to build structures Hemoglobin used to transport other molecules Membrane proteins selective doorway into cell

23. What’s an enzyme? What do I mean by “cellular machine”? Enzymes are “machines” that enable certain bonds to form or break faster than they would without the enzyme

24. How do machines work?Shape determines function Cup Spoon Hammer knife

25. How does a Protein do its function? It folds into a particular shape. Primary structure: String of amino acids Secondary structure: Backbone H-bonds with self, making helix or sheet Tertiary structure: Functional groups determines shapeshape determines function/activity

26. ADH (Alcohol DeHydrogenase) protein structure

27. Proteins can unfold (denature) Too hot Too acidic or too basic

28. Biomolecule #4:Nucleic acids nitrogen-containing “base” + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate Monomer (nucleotide bases): function: A (Adenine) energy “currency” T (Thymine) and U (Uracil) G (Guanine) C (Cytosine) Polymer: function: DNA store genetic information RNA “translate” from DNA to protein

29. Nucleic acid monomers (nitrogen-containing “base”+ sugar + phosphate) and polymers (polynucleotide, example: DNA, RNA)

30. How does DNA store information?

31. RNA “translates” information stored in DNA into a protein that can actually do something(enzyme, structural scaffold, etc)

32. Chemical Nature of DNA: good for storing genetic information • DNA stores information well: • polyanionic - prevent folding, • therefore structure not changed by encoded information (imagine if the property of the message you wrote on paper changed the physical properties of the paper/info) • easy to copy because of double helix with base pairing (like shaking hands) • stable

33. Chemical Nature of Protein: good for building structures and catalyzing chemical reactions Proteins are made of 20 amino acids, offering many different chemical functionalities (positive and negative charges, hydrophobic, base, thiol) Therefore proteins can fold into many shapes, and their physical propeties (function) can change dramatically

34. Step back and wonder Why are there 4 nucleotides in DNA Why those particular 4 nucleotides? Why 20 amino acids? Why those particular 20 amino acids? Why is there RNA? Why does RNA use AGCU and DNA use AGCT? Does life have to use DNA, RNA and protein?