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TCP/IP Fundamentals

TCP/IP Fundamentals. Ch10. IPv4 Addressing. Dev by DoD IPv4 1980 Four Octets (8-bit/1 byte values) range from 0-255 Address has two parts network number host number. Network Class. Class, 1st Octet, Network Octets, Number of Networks, Network Size, Host Octets

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TCP/IP Fundamentals

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  1. TCP/IP Fundamentals Ch10

  2. IPv4 Addressing • Dev by DoD • IPv4 1980 • Four Octets (8-bit/1 byte values) range from 0-255 • Address has two parts • network number • host number

  3. Network Class • Class, 1st Octet, Network Octets, Number of Networks, Network Size, Host Octets • Class A, 1-127, 1, 127 Networks 16M Host, 3 • Class B, 128-191, 2, 16K Networks, 65K Host, 3 • Class C, 192-223, 3, 2M Networks, 254 Host, 1 • 192.168.#.# - Class C • 172.16-31.#.# - Class B • 10.#.#.# - Class A

  4. Related Technologies • ICS Internet connection sharing • NAT Network address translation • Greatly Elongated life of IPv4 • Default Gateway Address • ipconfig • ipconfig/all

  5. DNS • DNS Domain Name System Domain Name Service Domain Name Server • Maps names (google.com) to ipaddress (cannot remember) • ICANN • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers • www.icann.org • Assigns IP address to names though registrars • History: • InterNIC Integrated Network Information Center • IANA Internet assigned Numbers Authority • US controlled

  6. DNS structure and Operation • Root (13 root level DNS servers): Root • Top level: .com .edu.gov.net. org • Second level: uwa.edu assigned by ICANN • Subdomains: mail.uwa.edu

  7. DNS Process • Query first Domain name server • Fetches from higher level domain name server • Result will be cached to speed future access

  8. IP, TCP, UDP protocols • Segments - TCP • Datagrams - UDP • Packets - IP • Frame - Data link

  9. UDP Frame (aka Datagram) • Source Port • Desination Port • MsgLength • Checksum • Data

  10. TCP Frame (aka segment) • Source Port • Desination Port • Sequence Num • AckNum • Offset • Flags • Window • Checksum • Urgent Ponter • Options • Padding • Data

  11. IP Frame • Version • HDR Len • Svc Type • Tot Len • TTL • Protocol • HDR checksum • Source IP • Dest IP • IP options • Padding • Datagram Data

  12. Ethernet Frame • DA - DestMAC • SA - SrcMAC • Type • IP Header • Datagram • CRC Error check

  13. Assigning IP addresses • Static IP address - manually entered • Dynamic IP assignment • WINS Windows internet naming service • Dynamic DNS • DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • dynamically assigns ip addresses from a pool • Addresses are leased and expire • Printers and servers need static IP addresses

  14. Port numbers and Socets • IP address plus port number is a socket • Well known port numbers • 80 HTTP • 443 HTTPS • 20 FTP Data • 21 FTP control • 53 DNS • 22 SSH • 23 Telnet • 25 SMTP • 110 POP Hint: Be able to name several of these!

  15. IPv6 • classless addressing • IPv4 32 bit address IPv6 128 bit address • 64X10E30 times as many • IPSec built in • ND Neighbor discovery will replace ARP eventually • IPv6 address may contain MAC address

  16. ICMP Internet control Message Protocol • ICMP Internet control Message Protocol

  17. IPv6 • 8 units of 16 bits (4 digit hex)

  18. 802 MAC • IPv4 uses 48 but Mac Address and IPv6 64 bits • 24 bit mfg ID • 24 bit unique ID • IPv^6 uses 40 bit Unique ID • FFFE stuffing • Not always tied to MAC

  19. Address Types • Global Address - Routed • Link Local Address - un routed • Unique Local Address - within LAN

  20. Addressing modes • Unicast - single address • multicast - multiple addresses • anycast - to interface

  21. Loopback addresses • IPv4 127.0.0.1 • IPv6 ::1 • Unspecified Address ::

  22. Example • Example: Outside world knows me as 199.88.23.102 • But locally (via ipconfig) • Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: • Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : uwa.edu • IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.25.30.58 • Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 • Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 172.25.30.1

  23. Subnet Mask • Subnetwork • Host portion can be re-divided into subnetwork • bitwise AND used to determine subnet • See chapter 11

  24. Reserved IPv4 Addresses (private use, not on internet) • 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 Class C • 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class B • 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class A

  25. TCP/IP Troubleshooting • Netstat – reveal network connections and stats • Try netstat –a • Nbstat – netbios connections and stats • Netbios • WINS or lmhosts • Try nbstat/? Or nbstat/help • Ping – just reply please (ICMP) • Ping6 • Ping -6 • Ping -4 • Tracert or traceroute – analyze “hop” times • ARP – IP to MAC translator • Arp –a • Rarp – reverse tranlation (bootp) • Nslookup - domain name to IP address • whois

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