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Δημοκρατία Democracy

Δημοκρατία Democracy. Kleisthenes revolutionizes Athens , 508/7 BCE. Peisistratos ’ successors. Hipparchos , not tyrannos but younger brother of Hippias , assassinated in 514/3 BCE Hippias, tyrannos 528/7-511/0 BCE Nature of the tyranny until 514/3 BCE: Thuc . 6.54.1-6 in D&G 9.21.

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Δημοκρατία Democracy

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  1. ΔημοκρατίαDemocracy Kleisthenes revolutionizes Athens, 508/7 BCE

  2. Peisistratos’ successors • Hipparchos, not tyrannosbut younger brother of Hippias, assassinated in 514/3 BCE • Hippias, tyrannos528/7-511/0 BCE • Nature of the tyranny until 514/3 BCE: Thuc. 6.54.1-6 in D&G 9.21

  3. Athenian Archon List, 527/6-522/1 BCE Fragment of an Athenian inscription O N E T O R I D E S H I P P I A S K L E I S TH E N E S M I L T I A D E S K A L L I A D E S P E I S I S T R A T O S E T O I P P I A L E I S TH E N I L T I A D E S L L I A D E S S T R A T InscriptionesGraecae I3 1031a in D&G 9.24 Onetorides 527/6 Hippias 526/5 (tyrannos) Kleisthenes 525/4 (Alkmaionid: not in exile!) Miltiades 524/3 (fixed; ruler of Chersonese) Kalliades 523/2 Peisistratos 522/1 (namesake/grandson)

  4. Prelude to assassination: Hipparchos insults Harmodios’ sister at the Panathenaia

  5. Tyrannicides: Harmodios and Aristogeiton (Thuc. 6.56-58 in D&G 9.30; praise and heroization – D&G 9.40-47) Roman copy of the version made in 477/6 BCE First version made in 509 BCE was stolen in 480 BCE by King Xerxes of Persia 5th c. skolionpraises their efforts to restore isonomia – “equal distribution of justice” (D&G 9.43)

  6. Tyranny: End of the Peisistratids • Hippias: 514-511/0 BCE (D&G 9.32-34) • Alkmaionidai in exile; Delphi, Temple of Apollo and Sparta – Ath. Pol. 19.4-6 in D&G 9.38 • Sparta and King Kleomenes: Hdt. 5.62-65 in D&G 9.36-37 • Hippias in Persia: 511/0 BCE: Thuc. 6.59.4 in D&G9.39

  7. Reforms of Kleisthenes:the struggle for Athens and the birth of democracy in 508/7 BCE • Sources: Hdt. 5.65-76 in D&G 10.2-6; AthPol 20.1-5 in D&G 10.6 • Delphic oracle, Spartans , Kleisthenes and Isagoras • Kleisthenes “added the Athenian people … to his hetaireia (faction), he renamed the tribes … and divided the demes into ten and assigned them to the tribes” (Hdt. 5.69.2) • Kleisthenes “promised to hand the state over to the populace …; once the leader had control of affairs, Kleisthenes became their leader and champion of the people” (Ath. Pol. 20.1-4) • King Kleomenes of Sparta supports Isagoras • Kleisthenes and 700 families exiled • Boule ordered but refuses to disperse, and the “remaining Athenians” – the demos – besieged Isagoras and Kleomenes on the Acropolis

  8. Kleisthenes’ reforms, 508/7 • Kleisthenes “took the people into his hetaireia(faction)” (Hdt. 5.66.2) • isonomia: “equality before the law” • 10 new phylai (“tribes”) replace the existing old 4 phylai • diminish the power of the aristocratic families • demes (“villages”), formally established • reorganize sense of identity • trittyes (“thirds”): 10 coastal, 10 city, 10 inland • 30 units deployed for legislative and military purposes • demarchos (“deme-magistrate”) – D&G 10.20 • 10 eponymous heroes (D&G 10.1) • Bouleand bouleuterion of 500; tribe in prytany • Empowered demos, aristoi (Solon’s categories); no social reforms

  9. Three regions • of trittyes in • Attica ca. 508: • coast, city, inland • Tribes (phylai) • Villages (demes) • Dememanager (demarchos) • convene deme assembly • organize oath-taking & voting • carry out decisions of assembly • oversee sacrifices & local treasury • validate citizenship & deme membership 10 trittyes 10 trittyes • 1 Tribe = • 1 trittys • 1 trittys • 1 trittys • X 10 = • 10 Tribes, each = • 1 trittys • 1 trittys • 1 trittys 10 trittyes 10 trittyes 10 trittyes

  10. Example • Erechtheis tribe = • 3 coastal demes • 4 city demes • 3 inland demes • 4 unknown • 50 total bouleutai from all demes inErechtheis tribe • # of demes irrelevant • # of bouleutaiper deme depends on population Representative democracy Attica political organization: the distribution of demes and bouleutai

  11. Responsibilities of tribe in prytany and Boule of 500 (Tholos, Bouleuterion) • Tribe in prytany in the Tholos • 50 prytaneis (tribal reps = bouleutai) & 1 epistates (presider)/month • Prepare probouleumata (sg. probouleuma) for Boule • Boule of 500 bouleutaiin the Bouleuterion • Prepare legislation, decrees, treaties for ekklesia(met in Pnyx) • Check qualification of newly elected officials • Try magistrates accused of mismanaging funds • Inspect cavalry and ships • Work with various boards – e.g., contract lessors (poletai) who leased mines, sold confiscated land • Supervise election of 10 strategoi (new chief executives, replacing the archons, selected by lot as of 487/6)

  12. Statues of the Ten Eponymous Heroes, agora, ca. 500 BCE

  13. West side of agora Eponymous heroes (BOULEUTERION)

  14. How and why did Kleisthenes do it? • Hostility to Sparta, her interference in Athenian affairs and the growing power of the Peloponnesian League, now outside of the Peloponnese • Rearmament after disarmament by Peisistratus (546) and Hippias (514) • Reorganization of the army based on demes, trittys, phylai • Need for constitutional reform • Result: revolution from the deme-level to the polis • ~100 demes in 508/7  139 in the 4th c. BCE • demes as communities invoking local loyalty, local identification and self-determination in the larger Athenian sphere • representation of all demes in Athenian political life • 501: elevation of strategos, “general” vs. archons • strategoi, battlefield leaders, held office repeatedly vs. once only • political participation of all citizens at expense of elite • Kleisthenes: idealism or self-interest? elusive historical figure

  15. Impact of Kleisthenes’ reforms • Oversight by Boule of all magistrates (incl. impeachment), public works, foreign affairs, legislation (with tribes in prytany) • Strengthening of Bouleand dêmos • 10 regiments of hoplites, cavalry led by strategoi • Archonships still open to top 2 classes only andpolemarchos commander-in-chief (Kallimachos in 490 BCE) • Areopagus limited to murder cases • Dikasteria, Heliaia handle all other judicial cases • Result: political, military, economic and judicial preparedness • Post-Marathon: • Implementation of ostracism 488/7 (in wake of return of Hippias) • Archons chosen by lot 487/6 (in wake of Kallimachos’ dithering?) • Strategoi elected, one per tribe, 487/6 (ibid.)

  16. Herodotus of Halicarnassus (ca. 485-430 BCE) & his Histories 1. what are Herodotus’ goals and methods? is this a valid way of conducting research? 2. does Herodotus tell a good story or is he dry and tedious? 3. how does Herodotus philosophize about human existence? do the gods play a role in human’s lives? 4. what does Herodotus think about human behavior – e.g., when humans display hubris? 5. how does Herodotus view other cultures? is he tolerant, intolerant, or indifferent? do other cultures interest him? Prooimion (“opening song”) Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε ἔργα μεγάλα τε καὶ θωμαστά, τὰ μὲν Ἕλλησι τὰ δὲ βαρβάροισι ἀποδεχθέντα, ἀκλεᾶ γένηται, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ δι᾽ ἣν αἰτίην ἐπολέμησαν ἀλλήλοισι. This is the setting forth of the inquiry of Herodotos of Halikarnassos, so that neither should the achievements of men become forgotten in time, nor the great and marvellous works be without glory, both those displayed by the Greeks and those by the barbarians, and so in particular to indicate why they waged war against each other. Question: what does Herodotus tell us he intends to address in his historie[“inquiry”], and from your reading of his work, does he succeed?

  17. Darius at Persepolis, the capital of Persia – the world’s first superpower

  18. After Kleisthenes: demokratia undergoes its first tests • Kleisthenes disappears from history • 506: Kleomenes (supporter of Isagoras vs. Kleisthenes in 508/7) attacks Athens – “This proved … how noble a thing freedom is” (Hdt. Histories5.78) • Ca. 506: Athens wages war with Boeotia and emerges as an international power, though with a modest fleet • Ca. 506-500: Athens establishes cleruchies (klêrouchoi) in Boeotia and on Salamis – allotments of land to Athenian citizens • 496/5: political tensions remain when Hipparchos, grandson of Hippias, is elected eponymous archon (evidence of on-going Peisistratid presence in Athens)

  19. Opening of hostilities: 499-494 Ionian revolt

  20. Ionian revolt, 499-494 BCE:Hdt. 5.97, 100-103, 105; 6.18, 21 in D&G 7.2-5 • Begun by tyrant of Miletos, Aristagoras, after failed plan to help Naxian exiled aristocrats with help from Persia • Aristagoras and father-in-law Histiaios then instigate revolt of Ionian cities, deposing tyrants, adopting isonomiaas the principle of the Panionion • Aristagoras persuades Athens and Eretria on Euboea to supply (20+5) shipsEphesus, sack Sardis, lose at Ephesus • Miletos sacked; Battle of Lade 494; Mardonios establishes democracies in Ionian poleis (under Persian rule) • Athenians and Darius: “Remember the Athenians” (Hdt. 5.105.2) • Phrynichos’ The Capture of Miletos – tearful audience, play-wright fined “for reminding [the Athenians] of a domestic disaster” (Hdt. 6.21.2)

  21. Invasions: Mardonius 494-2 (Thrace, Macedonia) Diplomacy in 491: “earth and water” (Athens: execution; Sparta: the well)Invasion: Datis 490 (CiliciaNaxos, Delos, Karystos)

  22. Invasion of Datis: Delos  KarystosEretria (city betrayed, temples sacked)  MarathonPhilippides’ Sparta (Hdt. 6.101-7 in D&G 7.7); festival EretriaX Route of Datis’ fleet X Karystos

  23. Plain of Marathon Marathon Bay Persian cavalry Persian fleet Persian camp Greek camp at sanctuary of Herakles Soros

  24. Marathon: Phase 1Kallimachospolemarchos, Miltiades strategos(Hdt. 6.109-117 in D&G 7.8)

  25. Marathon, Phase 2 (pictured)Phase 3 (fighting at the ships & deaths of Kallimachos and Kynegeiros – Hdt. 6.114 in D&G 7.8) Fighting at the ships

  26. Marathon’s Soros: 192 Athenian and Plataean dead(burial site of 6400 Persians unknown)Rumors of Alkmaionid betrayal; Spartan tourism and Athenian arête, timê, kleos(Hdt. 6.120-124 in D&G 7.9) “… they always bury [in the public grave] those who died in war, except those at Marathon: as they judged their valor to be outstanding, they made their tomb on the spot” (Thuc. 2.34.5 in D&G 7.16).

  27. Aftermath: Marathon to AthensPheidippides’ 26 miles, 385 yards (Plut. On the Glory of Athens) Route of Athenian hoplites X Route of Pheidippides? Route of Datis’ fleet

  28. Athenian Treasury, Delphi, 490 BCE

  29. Inscription in front of the Athenian Treasury, Delphi (D&G 7.14) ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΙ Τ[Ο]Ι ΑΠΟΛΛΟΝ[Ι ΑΠΟ ΜΕΔ]ΟΝ ΑΚ[ΡΟΘ]ΙΝΙΑ ΤΕΣ ΜΑΡΑΘ[Ο]ΝΙ Μ[ΑΧΕΣ] Ἀθηναῖοιτ[ο]ῖ Ἀπόλλον[ι ἀπὸ Μέδ]ων ἀκ[ροθ]ίνια τῆς Μαρα[θ]όνι μ[άχες.]Athenaioi t[o]iApollon[iapo Med]on ak[roth]iniates Mara[th]oni m[axes.]The Athenians to Apollo, from the Medes, as first fruits of the battle of Marathon.

  30. Miltiades’ dedicatory helmet: “Miltiades” Dedications at Olympia, 490 BCE Persian dedicatory helmet: “The Athenians from the Medes to Zeus”

  31. Remembering Marathon 100 years later “So was it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts, with a very great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth--the men of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they would sacrifice to the goddess as many goats; and when they could not find sufficient goats to honor the slain, they resolved to offer five hundred annually; and to this day they perform that sacrifice” (Xenophon Anabasis 3.2.12).

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