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Geostationary Observations of Hot Spots in Hawaii

Geostationary Observations of Hot Spots in Hawaii. Luke Flynn , Robert Wright, Andrew Harris Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawaii at Manoa GOFC/GOLD Global Geostationary Fire Monitoring Applications Workshop Darmstadt, Germany March 24, 2004.

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Geostationary Observations of Hot Spots in Hawaii

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  1. Geostationary Observations of Hot Spots in Hawaii Luke Flynn, Robert Wright, Andrew Harris Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawaii at Manoa GOFC/GOLD Global Geostationary Fire Monitoring Applications Workshop Darmstadt, Germany March 24, 2004

  2. Hawaii Hot Spot Detection Program • Objective: To provide operational synergistic global coverage in near-real-time for hazard management applications. • Available High-Temporal Monitoring Systems: • MODIS Terra and Aqua – Up to 4 times a day polar orbiting global coverage restricted to active fires (only hot spot data recorded). • GOES 9, 10, 12 – Geostationary coverage of most of Western Hemisphere plus sporadic coverage of Pacific Rim. • Satellite and Field-Based Validation Data Sets: • High spatial resolution data from ASTER, Landsat 7, and EO-1 (Hyperion and ALI). • Field-based comparative data of radiative flux from Kilauea (on-line) and other volcanoes. • Supported Projects • Mainly Volcano Hazard Monitoring • Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) effort to monitor fire hazards within Pacific Rim and west to include India and Australia.

  3. Hotspots, such as volcanic eruptions or fires, pose serious hazards to sensitive ecosystems, transportation and communication networks, and to populated regions. Orbiting Earth-observing satellites gather and relay valuable data on these hotspot hazards as they develop around the globe. Timely dissemination of these data to scientists and to local civil defense officials is crucial in efforts to understand and minimize losses from hazardous hotspot activity. HOTSPOTS ties together various sources of near-real-time data acquired by different Earth-observing satellites and processed by scientists at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii. Current Hotspot Monitoring Sites GOES 8/10 Hotspot Images http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/ Selected western-hemisphere sites updated every 10 to 30 minutes. Data are collected by geostationary GOES 8 and GOES 10 satellites in 15 minute intervals. MODIS Thermal Alerts http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/ Global maps of thermally significant events captured daily by MODIS Pu'u 'O'o Vent Monitoring http://volcano2.pgd.hawaii.edu/puuoo 1 Hour, 4 Hour, Daily and Weekly plots of thermal activity from selected locations within Pu'u 'O'o Crater

  4. Geostationary Hot Spot Detection • GOES 9, 10, and 12 provide near-real-time event detection (8 – 11 minute delay) of Western Hemisphere (every 15-30 minutes) and Pacific Rim (5-8 images per day). • Data are available online for 15 day period after which they are stored to DVD. Online data browse tool helps image searches. • DVD archive extends from 1998 to present. Huge data set that is unwieldy to respond to multiple large data queries. • Automated email alert notification system extending to hazard mitigation officials now in 5th year of operation.

  5. With acknowledgments to the Naval Research Laboratory Satellite Applications Group headed by Jeff Hawkins (hawkins@nrlmry.navy.mil) for data processing and access, and the University of Hawaii’s Satellite Oceanography Laboratory GOES 8/10 Hot Spot Images Status: All sites operating normally. GOES Image Viewer GOES 10 Continental US Aleutians Upper Aleutians Big Island Hawai’i Hawai’i State of Hawai’i e158s09 Kavachi e169s18 Yasur/Ambrym New Zealand North Island GOES 8 Western US Western US Amazon Brazil Colima W. Mexico Cotopaxi Ecuador Galapagos E. Pacific Eastern US Eastern US - Maine Lascar N. Chile Montserrat Lesser Antilles Nicaragua Central Am. Popocatepetl Central Mexico Eastern US Eastern US Santa Maria Guatemala Villarrica Chile Costa Rica (& Panama) Senegal W. Africa

  6. Http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu/ Near-real-time hot spot data processing and dissemination Direct GOES reception every 15 mins. Direct route Optionalroute Public/media Automated pre-processing Reception - generation lag: 12 mins. Observatories Email alert Automated product generation Web-based hot spot maps & images

  7. The GOES System RGB Image

  8. Map with hot spot projection

  9. Email Notice

  10. Site Name Year:Day Image Type Forward Backward Julian Day Continuous 2001:149 2001:150 2001:151 2001:152 2001:153 2001:154 2001:155 2001:156 2001:157 2001:158 2001:159 2001:160 atm b1 b2m4 hot key prob rgb Amazon Bigisland Colima Cotopax Galapagos Hawaii Lascar Montserrat Nicaragua NZL Popocatepetl Santamaria 44 Images Found 20010605.0215.g08.rgb.jpg 20010605.0245.g08.rgb.jpg 20010605.0315.g08.rgb.jpg View Image Displayed Image 20010605.0215.g08.rgb.jpg Prev Image Next Image Show/Hide Overlays Play as Movie Duration Refresh (Sec) Coasts Lat/Lon 0 0.25 1 2 Reset Control Points Geography Quit Image Viewer

  11. http://goes.higp.hawaii.edu - Email Notices CENAPRED (Popocatepetl) INSIVUMEH (Guatemala) MVO (Montserrat) HVO (Hawai’i) Inst. Geofisico (Ecuador) CSIRO (Kavachi) Yasur, Ambrym, North Island (NZ) August 2000 SERNAGEOMIN (Chile) Colima Volcano Obsevatory (Mexico) U. Blaise Pascal & INETER (Nicaragua) Darwin Research Station (Galapagos)

  12. GOES-9 coverage extends to Pacific Rim GOES – 9 coverage is sporadic but allows us to see fire activity in the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Kamchatka.

  13. October 7, 1999 Eruption of Guagua Pichincha

  14. UH MODIS Thermal Alert System - 2004 • Provides global observations for geostationary data validation a few times per day and extends to upper latitudes that geostationary systems do not cover. • MODIS Alert acquires channels 21, 22, 31, and 32. Channels 21, 22, and 32 are used for the alert test. • Latest online addition of software provides point and click zoom capability (0.5 deg x 0.5 deg). • High resolution Shuttle radar DEM of globe provides great location accuracy for hot spots. • Ability to run a variety of algorithms on completely online data set. • Data transfers are very small making it an excellent option for field locations with poor Internet connectivity. • Potential UH MODIS Thermal Alert Difficulties • Cannot distinguish between cloud-covered fire and no fire (MODIS Rapid Response can distinguish clouds). • Cannot map burn scars (MODIS Rapid Response).

  15. Thresholding lava pixels: Big Island example ‘Warm’ clouds Lava ‘Warm’ land 22-32 ‘Cold’ land ‘Cold’ clouds Ocean

  16. Thresholding hot-spots using (22-32)/(22+32) Lava 22-32/22+32 ‘Cold’ land ‘Cold’ clouds ‘Warm’ land ‘Warm’ clouds Ocean

  17. Status of MODIS Thermal Alert Data Archive • MODIS data were processed for short period in June, 2000 and also currently for September 15, 2000 – March, 2004. • Processing continues to lag present day by less than 1 day. • All alerts available on line for data queries. • High spatial resolution radar DEM covers a large part of globe. • Weekly summary of active volcanoes updated daily (~ 10-15 active volcanoes/week). • Developed PDC Algorithm - 10 largest hot spots tracked (added radiance from contiguous pixels) per day.

  18. Comparative Sampling of MODIS Alerts Daily Sampling Monthly Sampling

  19. MODIS Thermal Alert Zoom Capability MODIS alerted pixels projected onto radar DEM provide excellent accuracy for hazard applications and geostationary validation exercises.

  20. Tracking hot spots with MODIS The eruption of Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands illustrates the utility of the MODIS system for hot spot validation studies. Most hot spots are located within the eastern crater of Anatahan where the main eruption took place. Red dots mark the centers of alerted pixels, orange boxes the extent of 1 km pixels, and yellow circles the possible error where hot spots could have been located to affect the alerted pixel.

  21. MODIS Thermal Alert Results Volcano Ambrym Arenal Bagana Balagan-Tas Bezymianny Big Ben Cleveland Erebus Erta Ale Etna Fuego Ibu Karangetang Karymsky Kilauea Krakatau Lascar Lopevi Mayon Merapi Michael Miyake-jima Activity Lava-lake Vent Lava dome ?? Lava dome Vent Vent Lava-lake Lava-lake Vent/lava flow Vent Vent Lava dome Lava dome Lava flows Vent Lava dome Lava flows Lava dome Lava dome ?? Vent Alerts 2 18 35 1 21 38 3 39 14 13 28 1 3 1 3 1 2 Volcano Montagu Nyamuragira Nyiragongo Pacaya P. Fournaise Popocatepetl Rabaul Santa Maria Semeru Shiveluch Montserrat Stromboli Tinakula Tofua Ulawun Villarrica Yasur Alerts 8 3 10 1 10 5 3 58 49 63 1 2 10 3 87 1 5 1 2 20 2 1 Activity ?? Lava flows Lava flows Vent Lava flows Lava dome Vent Lava dome Vent Lava dome Lava dome Vent Vent ?? Lava flows Lava-lake Vent

  22. Hyperion for Fire Radiance Validation Studies Hyperion has 220 bands at 0.4 - 2.5 mm with 30 m spatial resolution, but only a 7.5 km swath width. Part of a Hyperion image on left showing more extensive eruption. Saturation of detectors over hot channels cause a radiance echo in Hyperion data. We are working to reconstruct the original analog signal from the saturated pixels and the radiant echo.

  23. Hyperion Spectra - July 22, 2001

  24. Operational Conclusions • Have to identify users and deliver product within their time frame. • Have to deliver a product that is readily interpretable - not complicated. • With the volume of geostationary data, deliver notice when search criteria are satisfied. • Provide product support for users.

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