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第二节 遗传的细胞基础. Cellular Basis of Inheritance. 一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype 四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism. 一、染色质( 1 ). Chromatin. ( 一 ) 染色质的分子结构 chromatin structure ( 二 ) 常染色质和异染色质 euchromatin and heterochromatin
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第二节 遗传的细胞基础 Cellular Basis of Inheritance 一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype 四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism
一、染色质(1) Chromatin (一)染色质的分子结构 chromatin structure (二)常染色质和异染色质 euchromatin and heterochromatin (三)性染色质 (sex chromatin) X chromatin Y chromatin
一、染色质(2) Chromatin 1 Chemical components of chromatin: DNA、protein、a little of RNA ? 2 Higher levels of chromatin structure: Four levels of DNA packing
一、染色质(3) Chromatin Higher levels of chromatin structure: Four levels of DNA packing “Beads-on-a-string” form of chromatin. 30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes. Section of chromosome in an extended form Chromatid
一、染色质(4) Chromatin Cell Histones DNA
一、染色质(5) Chromatin 核小体/nucleosome
一、染色质(6) Chromatin ×7 nucleosome DNA ×6 30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes. ×40 Section of chromosome in an extended form ×5 Chromatid ×8400
一、染色质(7) Chromatin • 染色质 chromatinInterphase。 • 染色体 chromosomeM phase
一、染色质(8) Chromatin • 常染色质(heterochromatin)和异染色质(euchromatin ) • euchromatin: active, less compact。Heteromatin: repressed, concentrated 。 heterochromatin euchromatin
一、染色质(9) Chromatin X染色质(X chromatin):female, interphase, 1μm body, heterochromatin 1949,Barr Barr body X body
一、染色质(10) Chromatin 1961年,Lyon X 染色体失活假说 (Lyon hypothesis): ①only one of the two X-chromosomes is genetically active in female cells. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by packaging into transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin ②The choice of which X chromosome will be inactivated is random in placental mammals such as mice and humans, but once an X chromosome is inactivated it will remain inactive throughout the lifetime of the cell.
一、染色质(11) Chromatin ? 剂量补偿效应 Dosage compensation effect
Y染色质(Y chromatin): 一、染色质(12) Chromatin male interphase 0.3 μm body, Q-bright region of Y chromosome
二、染色体(1) Chromosome Structure, type and number • structure;: • 短臂 p • 长臂 q • 着丝粒 centromere • 主缢痕 primary constriction • 端粒 telomere • 次缢痕secondary constriction • 随体 satellite
二、染色体(2) Chromosome Metacentric chromosome: 1/2 -5/8 Submetacentric chromosome: 5/8 – 7/8 Acrocentric chromosome: 7/8 - telomere Type
三、人类染色体的正常核型(1) The normal human karyotype (一)非显带核型 Karyotype without band 核型 karyotype 核型分析 karyotype analysis
三、人类染色体的正常核型(2) The normal human karyotype type methods G banding trypsin, Giemsa Q banding quinacrine mustard QM R banding NaCl, Giemsa T banding Heat, Giemsa C banding NaOH, Giemsa N banding AgNO3
染色体显带Q-; G-; R-; C-; 三、人类染色体的正常核型(3) The normal human karyotype Q banding G banding Model of G- and R-banding
三、人类染色体的正常核型(4) The normal human karyotype karyotype with band • 界标 landmark • 区 region • 带 band • 1p35 高分辨显带 High resolution banding
三、人类染色体的 正常核型(5) The normal human karyotype
三、人类染色体的正常核型(6) The normal human karyotype Number and structure
四、染色体的多态性(1) chromosome polymorphism 女性染色体 46,XX 男性染色体46, XY
18号染色体 X染色体 Y染色体 13号染色体 21号染色体 四、染色体的多态性(2) chromosome polymorphism FISH
四、染色体的多态性(3) Detection of tumor
染色体命名 四、染色体的多态性(4) chromosome polymorphism 人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN, 1995) (An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature) p—短臂q—长臂 del—缺失dup—重复 i—等臂inv—倒位 rob—罗氏易位t—易位 der—衍生染色体ter—末端 46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q23) 染色体总数,性染色体组成, 染色体变化 染色体号;臂号;区号;带号;(.亚带)
染色体表达式举例: 四、染色体的多态性(5) chromosome polymorphism 47, XY, +21 45, X 46, XX, del(6)(p24) 47, XXY 45, XY, -14, -21, +rob(14;21)(q11;p11)