TECHNICAL /ECO DRIVING

1. It is believed that 40-50 years down the line, all fossils fuel will be exhausted from earth. No fuel will be left for our new generations. • Therefore, lets save fuel by now for future generation by changing our driving habits and adopting Eco/Technical Driving, which can save fuel : • Avoid excessive braking, clutching and accelerating • Don’t use accelerator pedal like a fuel pump • Don’t press the accelerator pedal more than a 70% of its throttle

2. TECHNICAL /ECO DRIVING

3. Technical Driving / Introduction Introduction Experience show that amongst various driving styles, one of them, known as “technical driving”, leads to huge energy, parts and emissions savings. Accordingly, specific training sessions may help in getting such a style.

4. * South American companies use to manage energy consumption with an energy efficiency approach through km/l Technical Driving / Introduction The following table gives, for instance, some results logged through training sessions in Some Mexican transport companies:

5. Step 1. Free driving exercise During this step, trainees drive as they use to do it and some specific measurements are done (trip duration, fuel consumption, number of clutch & brakes uses, etc.). • Step 2. Practical and theoretical course During this step, individual comments are brought on the free driving exercise and in door contents are provided. • Step 3. Technical driving exercise During this step, trainees drive according to concepts given during the course and the same measurement are done before comparison. Technical Driving / Introduction Training session methodology The training methodology is implemented over three steps:

6. Technical Driving / Objectives At the end of the session, participants will be able to: • Describe possible actions to reduce vehicle fuel consumption • Have a technical driving attitude • Describe impacts on air quality • Identify other actions to reduce vehicle fuel consumption

7. Technical Driving / Content Course content • The engine and actions before driving • The cinematic chain and actions before driving • Energy losses • Technical driving • Main topics regarding transport air pollution • Other options to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution

8. Technical Driving / Content 1. The engine and actions before driving

9. Aspiration Compression Explosion Escape Technical Driving / Content 1. The engine and actions before driving

10. Technical Driving / Content 1. The engine and actions before driving

11. Technical Driving / Content 1. The engine and actions before driving

12. Technical Driving / Content 2. The cinematic chain and actions before driving

13. 100 20 20 60 20 30 40 Technical Driving / Content 3. Energy losses

14. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Forces applied to vehicles Aerodynamic force Rolling force Slope force Inertia force • Power required and engine available Power • Driving style

15. Aerodynamic force Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Forces applied to vehicles F1 = ½ ρ.Cx.S.V²

16. Rolling force Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Forces applied to vehicles F2 = K.m.g

17. Slope force Θ( Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Forces applied to vehicles F3 = m.g.sin θ

18. Inertia force E Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Forces applied to vehicles F4 = m.γ.i

19. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Power required and engine available power Power is required to face all these forces. The required power is given through the following formula: Power = Sum of forces x Speed

20. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Power required and engine available power The available power is managed by the driver through the engine and the cinematic chain.

21. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Power required and engine available power IMPOSSIBLE TO DRIVE PROPERLY WITHOUT KNOWING THESE CURVES

22. Available power Speed Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Power required and engine available power

23. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style The driving style is deduced from all the previous items. Topic 1. “Green range” Topic 2. “Plume foot” Topic 3. “Cut peaks” Topic 4. “Engine start and stop”

24. Fuel Consumption Consumption Acceleration Rpm Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Green range” (engine)

25. Speed Diagram Mechanical failure NO NO YES Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Green range” (cinematic chain)

26. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Green range” (cinematic chain)

27. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Plume foot”

28. FUEL CONSUMPTION DECREASE (-34%) (km/h) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 9 12 21 24 33 36 45 48 57 60 Temps de parcours Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Cut peaks”

29. Technical Driving / Content 4. Technical driving • Driving style / “Engine start and stop” Engine start: Launch the engine, without clutch, and ride smoothly during few kilometers (water at 70°/80°). Engine stop: Wait few seconds, without acceleration (in particular if there is a turbo).

30. NOx Emissions / Diesel Private Car Technical Driving / Content 5. Main topics regarding transport air pollution

31. Technical Driving / Content 6. Recent developments regarding air pollution

32. Technical Driving / Content 6. Recent developments regarding air pollution GPL (Petrol Liquid gas) Bio Fuels (Vegetal Oil / Alcohol) GNC (Compressed Natural gas) Electric (Pure / Hybrid / Fuel Cell)

33. TASHI DELEK