Textile Industry and Development of Factories During the Industrial Revolution: As poet William Blake described: “dark

1. Textile Industry and Development of Factories During the Industrial Revolution:As poet William Blake described: “dark Satanic mills”

2. Textiles Before the Revolution • Workers would sit at a spinning wheel working at their own pace and their own time. • They were well paid because they needed to attract a lot of them to make enough for the population.

3. The domestic system meant that spinning and weaving was farmed out at home…

4. Domestic System • In the 18th Century the production of textiles was the most important industry in Britain. • Most of the work was carried out in the home and was often combined with farming. • There were three main stages to making cloth: carding, spinning and weaving. • Most cloth was made from either wool or cotton, but other materials such as silk and flax were also used. • The woven cloth was sold to merchants called clothiers • They came with trains of pack-horses. • Cloth was made into clothes for people to wear • A large amount of cloth was exported.

5. Domestic System cont’d. • Before factories all manufacturing of products like textiles was done at home and on a small scale. • Sometimes the jobs were split up between cottages • For example: One cottage would shear the wool from the sheep, the second cottage would make the yarn from the wool, and the third cottage would make sweaters from the yarn. • If a worker did not work in his own home he would work in a small workshop • Workers worked at their own speed at, or near, their own home • Children were better treated • Workers were allowed to rest as needed

6. Work in the Home Problems for Cottage Industries • Raw materials delivered • Work done to completion • Merchant takes product to market • Workers controlled schedules, quality • Family life revolved around business • Destruction of equipment • Time to learn skills • Physical strength required • Factory owners took advantage of drawbacks Production before Factories

7. As you can imagine, this production capacity was limited.

8. Weaknesses of the Domestic System • Production was very slow and did not produce enough. • A better and faster system of production was needed • Time was lost as materials were taken from cottage to cottage • Cottages could not take advantage of water as a power source • Needed to meet the demands of a growing population

9. There were several inventions that occurred one after the other. All were considered innovative--

10. Skilled labor or weavers and spinners was all replaced by machine—machines that produced far better quality goods.

11. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization • Cotton Industry • Water frame, Crompton’s mule • Edmund Cartwright’s power looms, 1787 • The Steam engine • Coal • James Watt (1736-1819) • The Iron Industry • Puddling, using coke to burn away impurities • A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad • Richard Trevithick’s locomotive • George Stephenson’s Rocket • The Industrial Factory • Factory laborers • Time-work discipline

12. Mechanization • During the first half of the 19th century, the European manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine in a factory setting.

13. At the Expense of Workers • The shift meant high quality products at competitive prices, but often at the expense of workers. For example, the raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from: • Lands converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs • The southern plantations of the United States, which were dependent upon slave labor

14. Factories and Factory Towns • Where employees worked • Major change from cottage industry • Had to leave home to work • Hardships for some workers • Working in a factory • Dangerous work for all • Long workdays • Poor factory conditions common • Life in factory towns • Towns grew up around factories • Towns, factories rose near coal mines • Sanitation poor in many factory towns

15. James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny • Hargreaves was one of many weavers who owned a spinning wheel and loom. • One day his daughter Jenny accidentally knocked over the family spinning wheel and the spindle continued to revolve. • It gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. • In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. • The machine used 8 spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. • By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin 8 threads at once. James Hargreaves

16. James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny • Hargreaves produced the machine for family use • Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 • Others copied his ideas without paying him any money. • Others began to make improvements to the Spinning-Jenny and the number of threads was increased from 8 to 80. • By the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain Spinning Jenny

18. John Kay: Flying Shuttle • John Kay was born near Bury in Lancashire in about 1704. • He was living in Bury in 1730 when he patented a machine for twisting and cording mohair and worsted. • For centuries handloom weaving involved the shuttle bearing the yarn being passed slowly and awkwardly through the loom by hand. • In 1733 Kay patented his flying shuttle that dramatically increased the speed of this process. • Kay placed shuttle boxes at each side of the loom connected by a long board, known as a shuttle race. • By means of cords attached to a picking peg, a single weaver, using one hand, could cause the shuttle to be knocked back and forth across the loom from one shuttle box to the other.

19. The Flying shuttle 1733

20. John Kay: Flying Shuttle • Kay's flying shuttle could produce much wider cloth at faster speeds than before. • Some woolen manufacturers used Kay's flying shuttle but were reluctant to pay him royalties. • The speed of weaving was doubled; and a single weaver could make cloths of any width, whereas previously two men had sat together at a loom to make broad cloth. • By 1800 it was estimated that there were 250,000 handlooms in Britain. • The cost of going to court to obtain the money owed to him nearly ruined Kay.

21. Water Frame • Richard Arkwright decided to employ the power of the water-wheel in to his new invention the Water Frame. • In 1771, he set up a large factory next to the Drewent River in Cromford. • His machine became known as the Water-Frame and was used in his factory. • The Water Frame could take the place of the spinsters because, with the power of water powering it, it could spin yarn faster and make it stronger.

23. Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule • In 1775 Crompton produced his spinning mule, so called because it was a hybrid that combined features of two earlier inventions, the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame. • The mule produced a strong, fine and soft yarn which could be used in all kinds of textiles, but was particularly suited to the production of muslins. • The first mules were hand-operated and could be used at home. • By the 1790s larger versions were built with as many as 400 spindles. Samuel Crompton

25. Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule • The Spinning Mule could also be driven by the new steam engines that were being produced by James Watt and Matthew Boulton. • Crompton was too poor to apply for a patent and so he sold the rights to a Bolton manufacturer. • A large number of factory owners purchased Crompton's mules, but because he had sold the rights for his machine, he made no money from these sales. • Samuel Crompton died in poverty in Bolton in 1827.

27. Cylinder Printing • Joseph Bell was the inventor of printing with engraved copper rollers used in factories. • The engraved printing cylinder was placed horizontally with another cylinder above it. • The cloth passed between the cylinders and then over several steam-heated drying boxes.

28. Carding Engine • In 1748, Lewis Paul invented a hand driven carding engine. • This device involved a card covered engine with slips of wire placed around a cylinder. • Richard Arkwright made improvements to the machine and in 1775 he took out a patent for the new Carding Engine.

29. Steam.. The next frontier. First harnessed in 1702 by Thomas Newcomen, then improved by Thomas Wyatt. Legend has it that Thomas Wyatt first noticed the power of steam when he observed his mother’s tea kettle.

30. Rotary Steam Engine • James Watt improved Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen’s engine. • His engine improved the steam engine using a separate condensing chamber which allowed the machine to continue to work nonstop.

31. So, steam became a source of energy around 1780.

32. Thus, coal begins to be used in great amount—but do to Newcomen’s steam engine which drives the pumps that get the water out of the mines…

33. See how this all ties together? It is this reciprocal inventiveness that really makes it an Industrial Revolution.

34. Edmund Cartwright: Powerloom • In 1784 Cartwright visited a factory owned by Richard Arkwright. • Inspired by what he saw, he began working on a machine that would improve the speed and quality of weaving. • Cartwright managed to produce what he called a power loom. • He took out a patent for his machine in 1785 • In 1787 Cartwright opened a weaving mill in Doncaster and two years later began using steam engines produced by James Watt and Matthew Boulton to drive his looms. Edmund Cartwright

35. Edmund Cartwright: Power Loom • All operations that had been previously been done by the weaver's hands and feet, could now be performed mechanically. • The main task of the weavers employed by Cartwright was repairing broken threads on the machine. • Cartwright now turned his attentions to over projects and took out a patent for a wool-combing machine (1790) and an alcohol engine (1797). • By the early part of the 19th century a large number of factory owners were using a modified version of Cartwright's power loom.

36. Edmund Cartwright: Power Loom • When Cartwright discovered what was happening he applied to the House of Commons for compensation. • Some MPs such as Robert Peel, who had been one of those who had made a great deal of money from the modified power loom, supported his claim and in 1809 Parliament voted him a lump sum of £10,000. • Edmund Cartwright now retired to a farm in Kent where he died in 1823.

37. Spinning factory in England

38. Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

42. As the machinery of cloth production became larger and more cumbersome, mills were built along streams, and workers flocked to the mills..

43. Woolen Industry • The Woollen Industry was established in the Middle Ages using home-grown wool. • Production was based on the domestic system • Leeds in Yorkshire became the market centre where the cloth was exchanged and finished. • The output of broadcloth in the area rose from 30,000 pieces to 60,000 pieces in the 1740s. • Leeds now covered 60 acres and by 1770 the town had a population of 16,000. • Thirty years later, this figure had doubled. • After the invention of the Spinning Jenny some cloth merchants became factory owners.

44. Woolen Industry • Several were opened in the Leeds area but by 1803 only one piece of cloth in sixteen was being woven in a factory. • Power-loom weaving was introduced in the 1820s. • Entrepreneurs in Yorkshire were more likely to employ steam power than other areas. • The Woollen Industry declined rapidly in Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire, and Gloucestershire. • By 1860s steam power was more important than water in the West Country but in Scotland only 65% of the power was still obtained from water.  Power-loom

45. Silk Industry • The art of producing silk cloth reached France, Spain and Italy in the 12th century. • The weaving of silk was introduced to England by Flemish refugees in the 16th century • It was greatly developed after 1685 when the Huguenots from France established themselves at Spitalfields in London. • The industry developed slowly because the shortage of raw silk and competition from the cloth being made in Italy, France and China. • The main centers of the silk industry in England was London, Coventry, and Norwich. • In 1718 Thomas Lombe obtained a patent for a "new invention of three sorts of engines never before made or used in Great Britain, one to wind the finest raw silk, another to spin, and the other to twist".

46. Silk Industry • Critics said his invention was based on a machine that had been used in Italy since early 17th century. • Thomas and his brother, John Lombe, built a silk mill in Derby. • It was claimed by William Hutton that the Italians were so angry that the Lombe brothers had stolen their invention, that they sent a women to kill the two brothers. • John Lombe did die in 1722 and Hutton argued he was poisoned. • By the 1730s Thomas Lombe employed over 300 workers in his large factory in Derby. • Silk factories were established in Manchester, London, Norwich, Macclesfield, Chesterfield and Stockport. Thomas Lombe

47. Silk Industry • In 1793 George Courtauld and Peter Nouaille opened a silk mill in Sevenoaks, Kent. • The two men argued over politics and eventually Courtauld opened his own silk mill in Braintree in Essex. • Courtauld specialized in crape, a hard, stiff silk, which was used for mourning clothing. • Production was increased after Courtauld developed a new silk spindle in 1814. • In the early 19th century, Joseph Jacquard, a silk weaver in France, invented a loom that allowed patterns to be woven without the intervention of the weaver. • At first Jacquard's looms were destroyed by weavers who feared unemployment.

48. Silk Industry • By 1812 there were 11,000 Jacquard looms working in France, and they also began to appear in other countries. • The growth of the use of the Jacquard loom in the 1820s gave the textile industry a tremendous boost in Britain. • By 1833 there were about 100,000 power-looms being used in this country that had been influenced by Jacquard's invention. • After George Courtauld's death the business was run by his son, Samuel Courtauld, Peter Taylor and Peter Alfred Taylor. • The industry became more mechanized after the invention in 1836 of a spinning machine which could deal with short fibers. • Taylor & Courtauld employed over 2,000 people in its three silk mills. • Overall, by 1851, over 130,000 people were employed in the silk industry in Britain. 

49. (1) Employment in the Silk Industry Silk Industry

50. Cotton Industry • Cotton is a white fibrous substances composed of the hairs surrounding the seeds of the cotton plant. • It was first imported to England in the 16th century. • Initially it was mixed either with linen or worsted yarn. • By 1750 some pure cotton cloths were being produced in Britain. • Imports of raw cotton from the West Indies and the American Colonies gradually increased • By 1790 it had reached 31,447,605 lbs. • The Cotton Industry developed in three main districts: North West England, centred on Manchester; the Midlands, centred on Nottingham; and the Clyde Valley in Scotland, between Lanark and Paisley. • By the 1780s the industry was becoming more concentrated in Lancashire, with a considerable number of mills within the Oldham, Bolton, Manchester triangle. • At the end of the 18th century, a large proportion of the Lancashire population was dependent on the cotton industry.