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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Intelligence. Pioneering Work of Francis Galton. First scientist to measure and statistically analyze psychological variables related to intelligence First scientist to discover that psychological variables were normally distributed, in the same way as physical variables

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Intelligence

  2. Pioneering Work of Francis Galton • First scientist to measure and statistically analyze psychological variables related to intelligence • First scientist to discover that psychological variables were normally distributed, in the same way as physical variables • Acknowledged the dual influences of nature and nurture on intelligence • Proposed that differences in brain structure are related to intelligence

  3. Alfred Binet's Program of Intelligence Testing • In 1905, in collaboration with Theodore Simon, Binet developed and administered a 31-item national test for French children to identify children of marginal intellectual competence. • Revisions of the test in 1908 and 1911 established "normal" third grade and sixth grade intellectual levels. • Binet emphasized the fact that individuals differed in intelligence. He added the idea of developmental differences in intelligence that could be quantified in terms of age.

  4. General Intelligence (g) • Charles Spearman proposed that different tests of intelligence all measured a common ability, which he named general intelligence (g).

  5. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test • The Stanford-Binet is one of the most widely used of all intelligence tests in the United States.

  6. The Army Alpha and Army Beta Tests • Army Alpha was developed for inductees who could read.Army Beta was developed for those who were either illiterate or spoke a foreign language. • Significance of these tests: • Demonstrated that large-scale psychological testing of groups was feasible. • Demonstrated the use of psychological testing for purposes other than general intellectual assessment and school placement.

  7. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale • This is a commonly used intelligence test whose combined verbal and performance subtest scores yield an IQ score. Continued on next slide

  8. The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores • The scores of people who take an IQ test are normally distributed, forming a bell-shaped curve. The highest point of the curve, which represents an average score, is arbitrarily set at 100.

  9. The Construct of Intelligence

  10. How Specific Abilitiesare Related to g

  11. Gardner's Theoryof Multiple Intelligences

  12. Sternberg's TriarchicTheory of Intelligence

  13. The Heritability of Intelligence • The effect of the environment on IQ is important in childhood, but becomes increasingly unimportant in adulthood.

  14. Effect of the Environmenton Intelligence

  15. Reaction Range • A range of possible IQ scores for a given person, representing the potential effect of the environment in which one is raised.

  16. Passive versus Dynamic Experience of the Environment

  17. The Flynn Effect • The finding of a steady worldwide rise in IQ over the second half of the 20th century.

  18. High IQ and Speedof Information Processing High IQ and Speed of Information Processing. Individuals differ in the speed with which they can process word pairs (top) and make judgments about the relative length of lines (bottom). They learn word pairs (paired associates) at nearly equal rates when the pairs are presented at a relaxed pace. However, when a list of word pairs is presented rapidly, people with higher IQs learn more word pairs than others. Likewise, people with higher IQs can make accurate judgments about the length of lines, even when the exposure time is minimal.

  19. Early Environmental Differences Before birth, twins either share a single chorion (left) or develop in separate chorions (right). Twins who develop in the same chorion share a common blood supply. Under most circumstances, they share more hormones, viruses, and so forth than twins who develop in separate chorions. These environmental similarities may account for the fact that monozygotic twins who share a single chorion score more closely on some intellectual and personality measures than monozygotic twins who develop in separate chorions.Source: From Phelps et al., 1997.

  20. Ethnic Differences in IQ • Ethnic groups differ in their high school and college graduation rates and their performance on IQ tests. The mean differences in IQ among groups are substantial, amounting on one full standard deviation. However, high and low IQ scores can be found in all ethnic groups. • Ethnic groups have distinctive beliefs, habits, customs, and norms that affect both their academic performance and their IQ scores.

  21. The Relationship Between Occupation and IQ

  22. The Relationship Between Intelligence and Life Success Differences in IQ are correlated with profound differences in learning ability, career options, and the chances of succeeding in life. Source: From “Why g Matters: The Complexity of Everyday Life”by L. S. Gottfredson in Intelligence, (1997), vol. 24, pp. 13–23. Published by Ablex Publishing Corp

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