1 / 37

Basic Nutrients

Basic Nutrients. Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Energy Vitamins Minerals Antinutrients/toxins Attractants. Proteins. Most expensive feed component Utilization varies—animal vs plant protein Major source of nitrogen in effluents Must be balanced with energy. Protein Requirements.

mervin
Download Presentation

Basic Nutrients

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Basic Nutrients • Proteins • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Energy • Vitamins • Minerals • Antinutrients/toxins • Attractants

  2. Proteins • Most expensive feed component • Utilization varies—animal vs plant protein • Major source of nitrogen in effluents • Must be balanced with energy

  3. Protein Requirements • Important due to implications in feeding costs and effluents • Must be established with small rapidly growing fish • Requirements decrease with increasing size of fish

  4. Protein Studies • Minimum requirement studies • Individual amino acid requirements • Feeding regimes--metabolic studies • Alternate protein sources--palatibility, attractability

  5. Weight Gain-Protein Requirement ** 35 40 45 ** % Dietary Protein Serrano et al., 1992

  6. Weight Gain--Metabolic Study Weight gain (g) 0 1.8 3.6 7.3 14.6 21.9 29.2 g digestible protein/kg bw/day McGoogan and Gatlin, 1998

  7. Amino Acid Requirements • Must be met to ensure maximum weight gain and health • Deficiency symptoms—reduced weight gain, amino acid specific symptoms • Methionine and lysine usually most limiting • Studies involve feeding diets containing graded levels of test amino acid • Data usually fitted to regression analysis or broken line method to determine requirement

  8. Lysine Requirement—Red Drum % initial wt

  9. Methionine Requirement—Red Drum % initial wt

  10. Lipids Efficient energy source Essential fatty acids Phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins Deposition

  11. Lipid Deposition • Excessive deposition--inefficient energy utilization • Physiological/health concerns—oxidation of membrane lipids • Final product quality

  12. Lipid Studies • Inclusion level • Essential fatty acids • Alternate lipid sources

  13. Lipids--Indicators • Weight gain • Intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio • Enzymatic/biological indices

  14. Weight Gain--Lipid Requirement % initial wt. 1.7 4.0 11.2 15.0 18.8 7.4 % Dietary Lipid Williams and Robinson, 1988

  15. Weight Gain--Lipid Study % initial wt. a ab ab b 0.5 7 14 21 % Dietary Lipid

  16. IPF Ratio--Lipid Study IPF wt. x 100/body wt. a ab b c 0.5 7 14 21 % Dietary Lipid

  17. Lipids--Essential Fatty Acids • Certain fatty acids necessary for normal growth and health--n-6 and n-3 • Important implications for human health • Marine lipids high in n-3 fatty acids,

  18. Lipids--Essential Fatty Acids • Freshwater fish usually require linoleic (18:3n-3)--chain elongation:channel catfish • Marine fish usually require EPA and DHA--no chain elongation • Other fish--tilapia require n-6, eels, chum salmon, carp require mixture n-3 and n-6

  19. Dietary Lipid Sources Characteristic Source Menhaden oil High HUFA Corn oil High 18:2n-6 Coconut oil High 12:0,14:0 Beef tallow High 16:0, 18:0 Soy oil High 18:1 Tricparylin High 8:0

  20. Weight Gain--Alternate Lipid Sources % initial wt. a b b c c Menhaden Coconut Corn MCT2 MCT1 Dietary Lipid

  21. Weight Gain-Sea Grant % initial wt. Men Coco Soy Tallow Lec 14% Men Coco2 Dietary Lipid

  22. MDA levels--Lipid Study nmoles/ g liver a ab b b 0.5 7 14 21 % Dietary Lipid

  23. Carbohydrates • Inexpensive energy source • Variable utilization--species dependent • Binding agents-extrusion

  24. Weight Gain of Hybrid Striped BassCHO/Lipid Study % initial wt. 25/10 31/7.5 36/5 42/2.5 Nematipour et al., 1992 CHO/Lipid Ratio

  25. IPF Ratio of Hybrid Striped BassCHO/Lipid Study IPF wt. x 100/body wt. a ab bc c 25/10 31/7.5 36/5 42/2.5 Nematipour et al., 1992 CHO/Lipid Ratio

  26. Energy • Growth • Maintenance • Reproduction

  27. Energy Units • Joules (J)- the metric measure of energy, the energy expended in accelerating 1 gram by 1 cm/s • calorie (cal) - the traditional measure or energy, the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 16.5°to 17.5° C; 1000 calories=1 kcal • 1 cal=4.184 Joules

  28. Partitioning of Dietary Energy Intake energy Excretory loss fibrous materials Digestible Energy Gill/urine excretion Metabolizable Energy Heat increment Digestion/absorption Waste formation Net Energy Maintenance Activity Recovered Energy Growth, Fat deposition, Reproduction

  29. Energy Advantages of Fish • Heat increment lower than birds and mammals--excrete ammonia vs urea/uric acid • Maintenance energy lower—do not regulate body temperature • Gravity—smaller portion of energy spent for voluntary or resting activity

  30. Energy:Protein Ratios • Proper balance for maximum weight gain • Low E:P ratio--reduced weight gain • High E:P ratio--increased lipid deposition; reduced feed consumption

  31. Weight Gain of Hybrid Striped BassEnergy/Protein Ratio Study % initial wt. a ab ab bc cd d 6 7 8 9 10 11 Energy/Protein Ratio Nematipour et al., 1992 (kcal/g protein)

  32. IPF Ratio of Hybrid Striped BassEnergy/Protein Ratio Study IPF wt. x 100/body wt. a ab b c c c 6 7 8 9 10 11 Energy/Protein Ratio Nematipour et al., 1992 (kcal/g protein)

  33. Feeding Assessment Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) = wt gain/ wt feed offered x 100 higher numbers better efficiency Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = wt feed offered/wt gain lower numbers better efficiency

  34. Feeding Assessment • Typical “good” FCR’s for fish range from 1.5 to 1.8 (FER = 66 to 55%) • Poultry also good converters, FCR’s of 2 (FER= 50%) • Pigs and cattle higher, FCR’s ranging from 6-10 (16 to 10%)

  35. Finishing/Specialty Feeds • Another area of little research • Could prove important for enhancing final product quality • Seasonal feeds to maximize weight gain under different environmental conditions • Marketing--high levels of n-3??

  36. Median Lethal Temperatures o C a b b bc c Coconut Sat Men Corn Men 14 Men Dietary Lipid

  37. n-3 HUFA Levels-Cold Tolerance g/100g Coconut Sat Men Corn Men 14 Men Dietary Lipid

More Related