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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. LEO SAYS GER. Oxidation and Reduction ( Redox ). Electrons are transferred. Spontaneous redox rxns can transfer energy Electrons (electricity) Heat. Non-spontaneous redox rxns can be made to happen with electricity.

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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  1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions LEO SAYS GER

  2. Oxidation and Reduction (Redox) • Electrons are transferred • Spontaneous redoxrxns can transfer energy • Electrons (electricity) • Heat • Non-spontaneous redoxrxns can be made to happen with electricity

  3. Oxidation Reduction Reactions(Redox) Each sodium atom loses one electron: Each chlorine atom gains one electron:

  4. LEO says GER : Lose Electrons = Oxidation Sodium is oxidized Gain Electrons = Reduction Chlorine is reduced

  5. Not All Reactions are Redox Reactions Reactions in which there has been no change in oxidation number are not redoxrxns. Examples:

  6. Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRules 1 & 2 • The oxidation number of any uncombined element is zero 2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals its charge

  7. Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRules 3 & 4 3.The oxidation number of oxygen in compounds is -2 4. The oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds is +1

  8. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number Rule 5 5. The sum of the oxidation numbers in the formula of a compound is 0 2(+1) + (-2) = 0 H O (+2) + 2(-2) + 2(+1) = 0 Ca O H

  9. Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRule 6 6. The sum of the oxidation numbers in the formula of a polyatomic ion is equal to its charge X + 4(-2) = -2 S O X + 3(-2) = -1 N O  X = +5  X = +6

  10. Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents • The substance reduced is the oxidizingagent • The substance oxidized is the reducingagent Sodium is oxidized – it is the reducing agent Chlorine is reduced – it is the oxidizing agent

  11. Trends in Oxidation and Reduction • Active metals: • Lose electrons easily • Are easily oxidized • Are strong reducing agents • Active nonmetals: • Gain electrons easily • Are easily reduced • Are strong oxidizing agents

  12. Electrochemical Terminology Electrode: A conductor used to establish contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit, such as an electrolyte Half-cell: a metal electrode in contact with a solution of its own ions Anode: The electrode where oxidation takes place Cathode: The electrode where reduction takes place

  13. Voltaic Cells Anode: negative Cathode: positive Voltaic cells: Electrochemical cells in which a spontaneous redox reaction can be harnessed to produce an electric current.

  14. Zinc – Copper Battery

  15. Zinc-Carbon Dry Cell Battery

  16. Mercury Dry Cell Battery

  17. Lead Storage Automotive Battery

  18. Electrolytic Cells Anode: positive Cathode: negative Electrolytic cells: Electrochemical cell in which an electric current is used to drive a non-spontaneous process

  19. Electrolysis of H2O 2H2O  2H2 + O2 Electrolyte is usually dilute sulfuric acid

  20. Electroplating of Silver Cathode is the object to be plated Anode is a piece of the plating metal Solution contains ions of the plating metal

  21. Standard Reduction Potentials

  22. Measuring Electrode Potential 1. H2 Electrode is assigned a potential of zero volts 2. Second electrode is placed in a solution of its own ions 3. Reduction potential of second electrode is measured.

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