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If you do not have the study guide for the final, please get one from me after class.

If you do not have the study guide for the final, please get one from me after class. THE MONGOL WORLD EMPIRE I. Pattern of nomadic invasions A. Equilibrium between settled civilization and nomads is upset.

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If you do not have the study guide for the final, please get one from me after class.

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  1. If you do not have the study guide for the final, please get one from me after class.

  2. THE MONGOL WORLD EMPIRE I. Pattern of nomadic invasions A. Equilibrium between settled civilization and nomads is upset. (1) Drought that threatens nomads’ grazing lands (2) Nomad overpopulation (3) Nomads are pushed by strong empire (typically Chinese). B. Nomads are typically more militarily effective than settled civ., are therefore able to invade.

  3. II. Mongols are one of last waves of Turkic nomads to move W. and S. from C. Asia. A. Last major wave before Mongols was Seljuks, 11th c. B. Turkic nomads are connected to Islamic and Chinese empires through trade, military service (as mamluks or mercenaries), etc. C. Tempted by grazing land and trade Seljuk ceramic plate, Iran, 12th c.

  4. D. Mongol military advantages (1) Mobility (a) The horde = mobile army of horsemen, accompanied by entire population (b) The yurt = Mongol mobile home “circle the wagons” tactic

  5. (2) Horsemanship, archery (3) Mongol terror tactics – “blitzkriegs” involving wholesale massacres of populations (perhaps resulting partially from Mongol overpopulation) Turkish composite (short) bow ↓ stirrups→

  6. III. MONGOLS were a quasi-Turkic population from Mongolia, begin to expand late 12th c. because of OVERPOPULATION.

  7. TEMÜJIN (1162-1227) creates Mongol confederation under rule • of his clan. • B. Receives title CHINGGIS (GENGHIS) KHAN = “Supreme Ruler” • C. His armies sweep across C. Asia and into N. China.

  8. THE FAMILY OF GENGHIS KHAN GENGHIS (1162-1227) Jochi Ögödei Jagadai Tolui ↓ Great Khan C. ASIA GOLDEN HORDE Möngke KhubilaiHülegü (RUSSIA) Great Khan CHINAIRAN/IRAQ conquered conquered Abbasids/ Song by 1279 Seljuks by 1258 ↓ ↓ Yuan dynastyIl-khans 1270-1368 c. 1260-1349

  9. Jochi (son) Jagadai (son) Khubilai (grandson) Hülegü (grandson)

  10. Genghis’ grandsons (Hülegü and Khubilai) benefit from weakened Abbasid caliphate and Song China. IV. Abbasid empire in the early 13th c. A. Caliph a religious figurehead B. Political/military power held by autonomous regional rulers, including Seljuks C. Irrigation works neglected→floods, salinization Mustansiriyya Theological Academy (c. 1233), Baghdad

  11. D. Mongols under Hülegü sack Baghdad, 1258. (1) Murder Abbasid royal family (2) Survivor escapes to Cairo, recognized by Mamluk sultanate (former military slaves of Saladin, ruled Egypt, Syria, western Arabia 1250-1517). Mamluks stop Mongol advance in 1260. Mamluk theological academy with Crusader church doorway

  12. V. Song China in the early 13th c. A. Cultural flowering as reflection of political ineffectiveness?? The Song had achieved great heights of cultural production, e.g., in landscape painting and porcelain, despite their Confucian cultural conservatism.

  13. B. 12th c. JURCHEN invasion had forced Song to retreat to south. C. Southern Song fought Mongols for decades (1234-79) until conquered by Khubilai Khan. →

  14. VI. Mongol cultural influence not that great A. Khubilai Khan (founder of Yuan dynasty) in Beijing (Daidu): sinified court, Chinese bureaucrats computer recreation of Daidu

  15. B.Il-khans (dynasty founded by Hülegü) in Iran/Iraq convert to Islam late 13th c., employ Iranian scribes. pages from the Iranian Book of Kings prepared at the Il-khan court in NW Iran, c. 1308

  16. C. Cultural flowering in both Yuan China and Il-khan Iran Yuan dynasty vase tomb of Il-khan ruler Oljeytu (late 13th c.) Sulaymaniye, Iran

  17. VII. Ultimate failure of Mongol empire A. Too big: 4 separate khanates Golden Horde allies with Mamluk sultanate against Il-khans.

  18. B. Still run as nomadic state, with power vested in ruling clan as a whole→fragmentation by 14th c.: (1) China: Yuan dynasty corrupt and ineffective→regional rebellions (2) Iran/Iraq/C. Asia: many kingdoms ruled by Mongol descendants and vassals (3) Russia: Golden Horde loses ground to Russian nobility. Prince Alexander Nevskii (ca. 1220-63) advances Russian culture under Mongol rule (Bulliet, p. 349). Alexander Nevskii

  19. VIII. Mongol legacy A. TIMUR (TAMERLANE, 1336-1405), descendant of Genghis on mother’s side, founds empire in C. Asia and Iran. Timur’s mausoleum in Samarkand, Uzbekistan

  20. B. Military patronage state (1) Ruler gives protection to subjects in return for tribute (taxes). (2) Military commanders receive rights to land tenure (overseeing land, collecting taxes) in return for raising troops for ruler’s army. Style of rule adopted by: Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) Mughal Empire, N. India (1526-1858) Green Mosque, İznik (Nicaea)

  21. If you do not have the study guide for the final, please get one from me.

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