Nature of Science

1. Nature of Science

2. Page 5 Physical and Chemical Change Physical Change - A change in appearance where no new substance is formed (ex: freezing water, tearing paper) Chemical Change - Results in the formation of a new substance. The object has changed (ex: rust, burning wood) Examples

3. Page 6 Observation/Inference and Qualitative/Quantitative Observation -any information collected with the senses Inference -Logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience

4. Observation In the space below, record 5 observations about your science classroom. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5. List 3 inferences about the classroom 1. 2. 3.

6. More examples • What observations can we make about this picture? • What can we infer based on this picture?

7. What observations can we make from these pictures?

8. Page 6 • Qualitative Descriptions, can be observed but not measured (ex: Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, etc. ) • Quantitative Deals with numbers, data that can be measured (ex: Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, ages, etc.)

9. Personal Observations-Create a T-chart in your notes. You will be listing quantitative and qualitative data about your self • Quantitative • 10 fingers • 2 ears • 1.67 meters tall • Qualitative • Brown hair • Brown eyes • Charming personality

10. On the back of your paper • Describe the difference between the following terms (give examples to support your statement) • Physical and Chemical Change • Observation and Inference • Qualitative and Quantitative

11. Base Units • meters (m) – length [Area - m2] • (km) – long distances, (m) white boards, (cm) pencils, posters, (mm) lead, hair • Liters (L) – volume – how much space a solid, liquid, or gas takes up • (kL) swimming pools, (L) two liter soda bottles, (mL) personal water bottles • grams (g) – mass – how much matter makes up an object (NOT weight, weight is based on gravity) • (kg) TV, (g) pencil, binder (mg) sheet of paper • °Celsius – (°C) Kilo HectoDeka *meters DeciCentiMilli *Liters *Grams Base Units big small

12. Page 8 Base Units – a standardized specific unit used to define a measurement or dimension

13. Page 8 Metric Prefixes – system uses prefixes to denote size of unit

14. Conversions Kilo 1000 Hecto 100 Deca 10 Base 1 Deci .1 Centi .01 Milli .001

15. Kangaroos • Hop • Down • Under • Drinking • Chocolate • Milk • Kilo- • Hecta- • Deka- (Deca-) • Unit (gram, meter, liter) • Deci- • Centi- • Milli-

16. Page 8 Metric Conversions • Write out KHD(m,L,g)DCM • Underline the starting unit, circle the ending unit. • Move the appropriate number of decimal points towards the ending units. • Check your work! 50 km = ____________ m 3.9 g = ____________ kg 28 mL = ____________ cL 15 kg = ____________ cg

18. Question State the problem as a question and research the topic you will be investigating. Needs to be measurable.

19. Questioning characteristics • Ask questions about objects, organisms, and events in the natural world. • Can be answered through investigations that involve experiments, observations or surveys. • Answered by collecting and analyzing evidence that is measurable • Relate to scientific ideas rather than personal preference or moral values • Do not related to the supernatural or non-measurable phenomena

20. Questioning - Shows cause and effect relationship and must be measurable. • What type of soil is best to grow tomato plants? • Cause and Effect Relationship • Cause: types of soil • Effect: growth of plant • Measurable • Measurement: growth/size of tomato plant

21. Sort through the questions • You will be given a bag with questions in it • Your task is to sort through them asking yourself, are they questionable or not.

22. Rephrase the general question to make it testable • How is bug blood different from human blood? • Why do your fingers wrinkle after taking a bath? • Is rock music better than hip hop music? • Why does bright light cause some people to sneeze? • Does smell affect people's moods? • Is vegetarianism better than eating meat?

23. Page 7 Variables Dependent variable factor that is measured or (DV) observed during an experiment Independent variable factor that you want to test; (IV) it is changed by the investigator to observe how it affects a dependent variable Constants (controls) the factors in the experiment (CV) that remain the same

25. Hypothesis State the "cause-effect" relationship in an "if-then" statement. Identify your independent and dependent variables.

26. Hypothesis • If ___[I do this]___, then ___[this will happen]___because…[explanation] IVDV • Question:  Which seeds germinate quicker, carrot seeds or tomato seeds?             Hypothesis: Ifcarrot seeds and tomato seeds are planted, then carrot seeds will  germinate quicker.  • Question:  Which bread molds quickest: sourdough bread, whole wheat bread, or enriched white bread. Hypothesis:  Ifsourdough bread, whole wheat bread, and enriched white bread are placed in a moist, plastic bag, then whole wheat bread will mold the quickest. • Question:  Which type of dog food does Pebbles like best: dry food or moist food? Hypothesis:  If Pebbles is given a choice of dry food or moist food, then he will eat the moist food first.

27. Question to Hypothesis Practice • Try turning these three questions into hypothesis using “If….then….” statements. • What effect does temperature have on the elasticity of a rubber band? IV: DV: CV: Hypothesis: • Which releases more heat when burned, a peanut or a pecan? IV: DV: CV: Hypothesis • How does temperature affect the rate of  seed germination in pumpkin seeds? IV: DV: CV: Hypothesis

28. M 4 Q: What type of food should a sprinter eat to run a100-meter dash the fastest? IV: DV: CV: Q: Which fruit has the greatest amount of citric acids? IV: DV: CV: Q: Which type of wood has the greatest compression strength? IV: DV: CV: Q: How does the loss of vision affect a person’s balance? IV: DV: CV: Q: Do athletes of different sports have different centers of gravity? IV: DV: CV: 2 1 Q: What type of soil helps Boston ferns grow the most? IV: DV: CV:

29. M-4-2-1 • What type of soil should a sprinter eat to run a100 meter dash the fastest? IV: type of food DV: how fast he runs CV: the amt of food, the distance run, and the slope of the track and turns • Which fruit has the greatest amount of citric acids? IV: Which type of fruit DV: Amount of citric acid CV: amount of fruit tested, how it is tested What type of soil helps Boston ferns grow the most? IV: type of soil DV: growth CV: amount of water • Which type of wood has the greatest compression strength IV: The type of wood DV: Amount of wood CV: Condition of wood, age of wood, way to test compression • How does the loss of vision affect a person’s balance? IV: The loss of vision DV: Affect on the person’s balance CV: Type of person, surface on which was tested height of person • Do athletes of different sports have different centers of gravity? IV: Different sports DV: Centers of gravity CV: Type of person, height weight age

30. Procedure List out the step-by-step directions to complete the experiment. Make a list of materials needed for the experiment. Identify your controlled variables.

31. Build a Box • You will be given 3 sheets of construction paper, a foot of tape and a pair of scissors • Your job will be to build a box out of construction paper however big you choose. • You don’t have to use all of the paper • You can cut the paper however you want • As you build, write the step by step procedure on how to construct it, so that someone else will be able to build it the exact same way that you did. • Don’t forget to put your name on your box!!!

32. Build a Structure • You will be given 3 sheets of construction paper, a foot of tape and a pair of scissors • Your job will be to build a structure out of construction paper however big you choose. • You don’t have to use all of the paper • You can cut the paper however you want • As you build, write the step by step procedure on how to construct it, so that someone else will be able to build it the exact same way that you did. • Don’t forget to put your name on your structure!!!

33. Solute, Solvent, Solution • Mixture Matter that can vary in composition, combination of 2 or more substances that are physically blended together, can be separated by physical methods • Heterogeneous mixturemixture that does not have a uniform blend, can see the different parts (ex: gravel mixture) • Solution A mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed on the atomic level but not bonded together (ex: soda, air); also known as a homogenous mixture • Solvent in a solution the substance that is present in the largest amount • Solute all other substances in a solution

34. Base Units • meters (m) – length [Area - m2] • (km) – long distances, (m) white boards, (cm) pencils, posters, (mm) lead, hair • Liters (L) – volume – how much space a solid, liquid, or gas takes up • (kL) swimming pools, (L) two liter soda bottles, (mL) personal water bottles • grams (g) – mass – how much matter makes up an object (NOT weight, weight is based on gravity) • (kg) TV, (g) pencil, binder (mg) sheet of paper • °Celsius – (°C) Kilo HectoDeka *meters DeciCentiMilli *Liters *Grams Base Units big small

35. Kangaroos • Hop • Down • Under • Drinking • Chocolate • Milk • Kilo- • Hecta- • Deka- (Deca-) • Unit (gram, meter, liter) • Deci- • Centi- • Milli-

36. Metric Conversions • Write out KHD(m,L,g)DCM • Circle the starting unit, underline the ending unit. • Move the appropriate number of decimal points towards the ending units. • Check your work! (complete the problem backwards) 50 km = ____________ m 3.9 g = ____________ kg 28 mL = ____________ cL 15 kg = ____________ cg

37. Metric Practice Schmidt-tasticParcel Company specializes in shipping parcels. The cost of shipping a package is $1.76 for each half of a kilogram shipped. Frida (8 kg 22 g), Samuel (404 g), Brittany (9 kg), Brandon(903 g), and Aaron (12.9 kg) each have one package to ship. 1. Which package has the most mass? 2. Whose package costs more to ship? How much does it cost?

38. Metric check • 1 cm = __________mm • 1000g = _________kg • 5kL = ________L • 12.4 km = _________m • 1.2kg = ________g • 3000g = _______kg • 2 L = _________mL • 3456mm = ________m • 1km = _______m • 1400mg = _________g • 10 mm • 1 kg • 5000L • 12400m • 1200g • 3 kg • 2000mL • 3.456m • 1000m • 1.4g

39. Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. Identify the- 1. What was the initial observation? 2. Control Group 3. Independent Variable 4. Dependent Variable 5. What should Homer's conclusion be?

40. There are four boxes (a pink box, a purple box, a white box, and a yellow box). Each box has a different length (57 cm, 42 cm, 23 cm 4 mm, and 34 cm 5 mm), a different width (4 cm 2 mm, 8 cm 4 mm, 4 cm 7 mm, and 6 cm 3 mm), and a different height (65 cm 9 mm, 94 cm 7 mm, 55 cm 1 mm, and 43 cm 9 mm). Figure out the length, width, height, and volume for each box. 1. One box has a length of 42 cm and a height of 55 cm 1 mm. 2. One box has a width of 8 cm 4 mm and a height of 94 cm 7 mm. 3. The length of the white box is 0.234 meters. 4. The yellow box has the smallest width. 5. The white box has the largest height. 6. If the length of purple box was increased by 2 cm, the volume of purple box would increase by 553,140 cubic millimeters. 7. The volume of the yellow box is 9,548,910 cubic millimeters.

41. What is density? • Density - comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space (Density=mass/volume)

42. Which one is more dense? • Now which one is more dense?

43. What is density? D = • Density = mass OR mass ÷ volume. volume • Units for density: _g_ or _g_ cm3 mL • Why are these the units for density? ALWAYS REMEMBER UNITS!

44. Density • Frank has a paper clip. It has a mass of 9g and a volume of 3cm3. What is its density? • Frank also has an eraser. It has a mass of 3g, and a volume of 1cm3. What is its density? • Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 6g and a volume of 3cm3. What is the density of the rock? • Jill has a gel pen. The gel pen has a mass of 8g and a volume of 2cm3. What is the density of the rock?

45. Density Problems • What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4 cm3? • A  piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm by  6.0 cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0 grams. What is the density of the wood? Would the piece of wood float in water?  (volume = L x W x H) • A cup of gold colored metal beads was measured to have a mass 425 grams. By water displacement, the volume of the beads was calculated to be 48.0 cm3. Given the following densities, identify the metal. • Gold: 19.3 g/mL • Copper: 8.86 g/mL • Bronze: 9.87 g/mL

46. Answers • 0.850 g/cm3 • 1.1 g/cm3; No, it would not float on water • Copper, 8.86 g/mL

47. Experiment /Collect Data Run the experiment and record your data, measurements, notes, and observations.

48. TAILS-G Title – appropriate and descriptive; not cutesy or catchy Axes – appropriate variable on each; labeled “x” and “y” Interval – evenly spread throughout Labels – both axes, general and specific; include measurement Scale – appropriate for the data Graph – Graph the data D R Y dependent responding y-axis MIX Manipulated Independent X-axis

49. Analyze Data / Graph Graph the data and determine what it means to your hypothesis and question.

50. Create Your Own Experiment • You will be divided into groups of 3-4 • You will be given a bag with materials in it • Your job will be to create an experiment using those materials. • Remember that you can only have one IV • You will be collecting data, graphing and analyzing it, so as you are coming up with the experiment, keep that in mind.