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Bell Ringer!!!!

Bell Ringer!!!!. Identify the fuel source, number of ATP produced, whether oxygen is used, and duration of energy given for each of the following pathways of ATP production Direct phosphorylation Anaerobic (glycolytic) pathway Aerobic pathway. Muscle Fiber Type.

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Bell Ringer!!!!

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  1. Bell Ringer!!!! • Identify the fuel source, number of ATP produced, whether oxygen is used, and duration of energy given for each of the following pathways of ATP production • Direct phosphorylation • Anaerobic (glycolytic) pathway • Aerobic pathway

  2. Muscle Fiber Type Classified according to two characteristics: • Speed of contraction: slow fibers or fast fibers • Determined by the speed of which the enzyme ATPase breaks ATP down to ADP + P • Metabolic pathways for making ATP: • Oxidative fibers—use aerobic pathways • Glycolytic fibers—use anaerobic glycolysis

  3. Muscle Fiber Type Three types: • Slow oxidative fibers • Fast oxidative fibers • Fast glycolytic fibers So…what’s the difference between a chicken and a duck?

  4. Slow Oxidative Fibers(*dark meat*) • Contract slowly • Depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic pathways • Many mitochondria • Fatigue resistant High endurance • Rich capillary supply (to deliver more O2) • Red in color (good supply of myoglobin)

  5. Fast Glycolytic Fibers(*white meat*) • Contract rapidly • Anaerobic • Depends on glycogen reserves for fuel • Powerful contractions but tires quickly (fatigable) • Appears white, little myoglobin and low capillary density

  6. Fast Oxidative • Intermediate between other two types • Least common of all fiber types • Contract quickly • Oxygen dependent • Many mitochondria • Good supply of myoglobin and capillaries • Pink in color

  7. Effects of Exercise Aerobic (endurance) exercise: • Leads to increased: • Muscle capillaries • Number of mitochondria • Myoglobin synthesis • Results in greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue • May convert fast glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers

  8. Effects of Resistance Exercise Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) results in: • Musclehypertrophy(due to increase in fiber size) • Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, glycogen stores, and connective tissue • May convert fast glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers

  9. The Overload Principle • Forcing a muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance • Muscles adapt to increased demands • Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains

  10. Table 9.2

  11. FO SO FG Note: Don’t memorize table 9.2! Use it as a reference . Start with what you know and see how the characteristics support the chart. Let’s practice! Critical Thinking: You call several friends to help you move. Would you prefer to have your friends with more slow oxidative muscle fibers or those with more fast glycolytic fibers as helpers? Why? Figure 9.24

  12. So let’s talk turkey…err…chicken

  13. Smooth Muscle • Found in walls of most hollow organs(except heart) • Usually in two layers (longitudinal and circular) • Involuntary, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

  14. Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section) Small intestine Mucosa Circular layer of smooth muscle (shows longitudinal views of smooth muscle fibers) (b) Cross section of theintestine showing thesmooth muscle layers(one circular and theother longitudinal)running at rightangles to each other. (a) Figure 9.26

  15. Contraction of Smooth Muscle • Slow, synchronized contractions • Can be controlled by nerves, hormones, or local chemical changes • Rate and intensity of contraction may be modified by neural and chemical stimuli ***We will go into further detail when we discuss each body system individually

  16. Developmental Aspects • Muscular development reflects neuromuscular coordination • Development occurs head to toe (cephalocaudal), and proximal to distal • Peak natural neural control occurs by mid-adolescence • Athletics and training can improve neuromuscular control

  17. Developmental Aspects • Female skeletal muscle makes up 36% of body mass • Male skeletal muscle makes up 42% of body mass, primarily due to testosterone • Body strength per unit muscle mass is the same in both sexes

  18. Developmental Aspects • With age, connective tissue increases and muscle fibers decrease • By age 30, loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) begins • Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia

  19. Muscular Dystrophy • Group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases • Muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposits • Muscle fibers atrophy

  20. Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): • Most common and severe type • Inherited, sex-linked, carried by females and expressed in males (1/3500) as lack of dystrophin • Diagnosed between 2-7 years of age. 1st sign, victims become clumsy and fall frequently; usually die of respiratory failure in their 20s • No cure, but viral gene therapy or infusion of stem cells with correct dystrophin genes show promise

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