Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Prepared by Iggy Isiorho for Dr. Isiorho Weathering and Soil Index

2. On pg. 103 

3. Weathering • Weathering – The group of processes that change rock at or near the earth’s surface. • Erosion – The physical removal of rock by an agent such as running water, glacial ice, or wind. • Transportation – The movement of eroded particles by agent such as rivers, waves, glaciers,or wind. 

4. Different Weathering • Mechanical – The physical disintegration of rock into smaller pieces. • Fig. 5.1 • Chemical – The decomposition of rock resulting from exposure to water and atmospheric gases. • Fig. 5.2 

5. Effects of Weathering • We tend to think of weathering as destructive because it mars statues and building fronts. As rock is destroyed, however, valuable products can be created. Soil is produced by rock weathering, so most plants depend on weathering for the soil they need in order to grow. Weathering products dissolved in the sea make seawater salty and serve as nutrients for many marine organisms. Some metallic ores, such as those of copper and aluminum, are concentrated into economic deposits by chemical weathering. • Differential weathering – Varying rates of weathering resulting from some rocks in an area being more resistant to weathering than others. (Fig. 5.5) 

6. Mechanical Weathering Frost Action Abrasion Pressure Release 

7. Frost Action • Frost Action – Mechanical weathering of rock by freezing water. • Frost Wedging – A type of frost action in which the expansion of freezing water pries a rock apart. Fig. 5.6Fig. 5.7 • Frost Heaving – The lifting of rock or soil by the expansion of freezing water. Back

8. Fig. 5.6 Back

9. Fig. 5.7 Back

10. Abrasion • Another process that can mechanically weather rock is abrasion, the grinding away of rock by friction and impact during transportation. As loose fragments of rock are picked up and moved by a stream, they tumble against one another and against the rocky stream bottom. (Fig. 5.8) Glaciers, waves, and even wind are other agents that carry and abrade rock fragments. Back

11. Fig. 5.8 Back

12. Pressure Release • Pressure Release – A significant type of mechanical weathering that causes rocks to crack when overburden is removed. • Fig. 5.9 • Sheet Joints – Cracks that develop parallel to the outer surface of a large mass of expanding rock, as pressure is released during unloading. • Fig. 5.10 • Exfoliation – The stripping of concentric rock slabs from the outer surface of a rock mass. • Exfoliation domes – A large, rounded landform developed in massive rock, such as granite, by the process of exfoliation. • Fig. 5.11 Back

13. Fig. 5.9 Back

14. Fig. 5.10 Back

15. Fig. 5.11 Back

16. Pressure Release II • Several other processes mechanically weather rock but in most environments are less effective than frost action, abrasion, and pressure release. Plant growth, particularly roots growing in cracks (Fig. 5.12A), can break up rocks, as can burrowing animals. Such activities help to speed up chemical weathering by enlarging passageways for water and air. The pressure of salt crystals formed as water evaporates inside small spaces in rock also helps to disintegrate desert rocks (Fig. 5.12B). Extreme changes in temperature, as in a forest first, can cause a rock to expand or contract until it cracks. Whatever processes of mechanical weathering are at work, as rocks disintegrate in to smaller fragments the total surface area increases (Fig. 5.13), allowing more extensive chemical weathering by water and air. Back

17. Fig. 5.12 Back

18. Fig. 5.13 Back

19. Chemical Weathering • The processes of chemical weathering, or rock decomposition, transform rocks and minerals exposed to water and air into new chemical products. • Minerals change gradually at the surface until they come into equilibrium, or balance, with the surrounding conditions. 

20. Soil • Soil – A layer of weathered, unconsolidated material on top of bedrock; often also defined as containing organic matter and being capable of supporting plant growth. • Loam – Soil containing approximately equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay. 

21. Soil Horizons • Soil horizon – Any of the layers of soil that are distinguishable by characteristic physical or chemical properties. • O horizon – Dark-colored soil layer that is rich in organic material and forms just below surface vegetation. • A horizon – The top layer of soil, characterized by the downward movement of water; also called zone of leaching. • B horizon – A soil layer characterized by the accumulation of material leached downward from the A horizon above; also called zone of accumulation. • C horizon – A soil layer composed of incompletely weathered parent material. • Fig. 5.21 

22. Residual and Transported • Residual soil – Soil that develops directly from weathering of the rock below. • Transported soils – Soil not formed from the local rock but from parent material brought in from some other region and deposited, usually by running water, wind, or glacial ice. 

23. Organic Activity • Organisms contribute to soil development. Plant roots break up rocks and burrowing organisms such as ants, worms, and rodents bring soil particles to the surface and created passageways for water and air to get underground, thus speeding up chemical weathering. • Once soil begins to develop on a newly exposed rock, it attracts plants and soil organisms that increase chemical weathering, accelerating the rate of soil development. Partially decayed organic matter provides plant nutrients, increasing soil fertility. 

24. Soils and Climate • Pedalfer – A soil characterized by the downward movement of water through it, downward leaching, and abundant humus. Found in humid climates. (Fig. 5.23) • Pedocals – A soil characterized by little leaching, scant humus, the upward movement of water through it, and the precipitation of salts. Found in dry climates. (Fig. 5.24) • Laterite – Highly leached soil that forms in regions of tropical climate with high temperatures and very abundant rainfall. (Fig. 5.25) Index

25. Fig. 5.1 Back

26. Fig. 5.2 Back

27. Fig. 5.5 Back

28. Fig. 5.21 Back

29. Fig. 5.23 Back

30. Fig. 5.24 Back

31. Fig. 5.25 Back