6 & 7

1. 6 & 7 Bones and Skeletal Tissues Axial Skeleton Pages 123-131, 133-135, 150-179

2. Types of Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage (glassy) • Most abundant cartilage • Provides support through flexibility • Elastic cartilage—contains many elastic fibers • Able to tolerate repeated bending • Fibrocartilage—resists strong compression and strong tension • An intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage

3. Function of Bones • Support—provides hard framework • Movement—skeletal muscles use bones as levers • Protection of underlying organs • Mineral storage—reservoir for important minerals • Blood-cell formation—bone contains red marrow • Energy metabolism—osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin

4. Classification of Bones • Long bones—longer than wide; a shaft plus ends • Short bones—roughly cube-shaped • Flat bones—thin and flattened, usually curved • Irregular bones—various shapes, do not fit into other categories

5. Figure 6.3 Classification of bones. Flat bone(sternum) Long bone(humerus) Irregular bone(vertebra), rightlateral view Short bone(talus)

6. Structure of a Typical Long Bone • Diaphysis—“shaft” of a bone • Epiphysis—ends of a bone • Blood vessels—well vascularized • Medullary cavity—hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow • Membranes • Periosteum, perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers), and endosteum

7. Figure 6.4 The structure of a long bone (humerus). Articularcartilage Compact bone Proximalepiphysis Spongy bone Endosteum Epiphysealline Endosteum Periosteum Compact bone Medullarycavity(lined byendosteum) Yellowbone marrow Diaphysis Compact bone Periosteum Perforatingcollagen fiberbundles Nutrientarteries Distalepiphysis

8. Table 6.1 Bone Markings (1 of 2)

9. Table 6.1 Bone Markings (2 of 2)

10. Bone Tissue • Bone tissue • Organic components—cells, fibers, and ground substance • Inorganic components—mineral salts that invade bony matrix

11. Cells • Three types of cells in bone produces or maintain bone • Osteogenic cells—stem cells • Osteoblasts—actively produce and secrete bone matrix • Osteocytes—keep bone matrix healthy Osteoclasts—responsible for resorption of bone

12. Gross Anatomy of Bones • Compact bone—dense outer layer of bone • Spongy (cancellous) bone—internal network of bone

13. Figure 6.7 Microscopic structure of compact bone. Compact bone Spongy bone Perforating(Volkmann’s) canal Central(Haversian) canal Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae Osteon(Haversian system) Circumferentiallamellae Perforating collagen fiber bundles Periosteal blood vessel Lamellae Periosteum Osteocytewithin lacuna Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Centralcanal Canaliculi Interstitiallamella Osteocytein a lacuna Lacunae

14. Figure 6.9 Spongy bone. Marrowspace Trabecula Osteocytes Endosteum Osteoblasts

15. The Skeleton • Consists of: • Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments • Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions • Axial skeleton (80 bones) • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

16. The Axial Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones • Formed from 80 named bones • Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges Figure 7.1a

17. The Skull • Formed by cranial and facial bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Figure 7.6a

18. The Cranium • Is the body’s most complex bony structure • The cranium • Encloses and protects brain • Provides attachment for head and neck muscles

19. The Face • Facial bones serve to • Form framework of the face • Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell • Provide openings for the passage of air and food • Hold the teeth in place • Anchor muscles of the face

20. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Nasal cavity Posterior nasal aperture Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Nostril Uvula Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Vestibular fold Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland (b) Illustration Figure 22.3b

21. Cranial Bones • Formed from eight large bones • Paired bones include • Temporal bones • Parietal bones • Unpaired bones include • Frontal bone • Occipital bone • Sphenoid bone • Ethmoid bone

22. Parietal Bones and Sutures • Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts of skull • Four sutures of the cranium • Coronal suture—runs in the coronal plane • Located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone • Squamous suture—occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly

23. Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Coronoid process Mandibular angle

24. Parietal Bones and Sutures • Four sutures of the cranium (continued) • Sagittal suture—occurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly • Lambdoid suture—occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

25. The Skull— Posterior View Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital condyle Occipitomastoid suture Figure 7.5

26. Frontal Bone • Forms the forehead and roofs of orbits • Supraorbital margin—superior margin of orbits • Glabella—smooth part of frontal bone between superciliary arches • Frontal sinuses within frontal bone

27. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Figure 7.6a

28. Frontal bone Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses Zygomatic bone Frontal sinus Orbit Orbit Ethmoid bone Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Maxilla Oral cavity Vomer Fig. 7.3 Mandible

29. Occipital Bone • Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base • Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal bones • Foramen magnum located at its base

30. Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Coronoid process Mandibular angle

31. Inferior Aspect of the Skull Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Vomer Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Foramen magnum External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.7a

32. Temporal Bones • Lie inferior to parietal bones • Specific regions of temporal bone • Squamous, tymphanic, petrous, and mastoid regions • The mastoid process • Site for neck muscle attachment • Contains air sinuses

33. Lateral Aspect of the Skull Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Temporal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Lambdoid suture Coronoid process Occipital bone Maxilla External occipital protuberance Alveolar margins Occipitomastoid suture Mandible Mental foramen External acoustic meatus Mandibular notch Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular ramus Mandibular condyle Mandibular angle (b) Photograph of right side of skull Figure 7.4b

34. The Temporal Bone External acoustic meatus Squamous region Mastoid region Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Tympanic region Styloid process Figure 7.8

35. The Sphenoid Bone • Spans the width of the cranial floor • Resembles a butterfly or bat • Consists of a body and three pairs of processes Superior view

36. Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view

38. The Ethmoid Bone • Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones • Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits • Cribriform plate—superior surface of the ethmoid bone • Contain olfactory foramina • Crista galli—attachment for falx cerebri • Perpendicular plate—forms superior part of nasal septum

39. Frontal bone Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses Zygomatic bone Frontal sinus Orbit Orbit Ethmoid bone Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Maxilla Oral cavity Vomer Mandible

40. The Ethmoid Bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Figure 7.12

41. Facial Bones • Unpaired bones • Mandible and vomer • Paired bones • Maxillae • Zygomatic bones • Nasal bones • Lacrimal bones • Palatine bones • Inferior nasal conchae

42. Facial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Figure 7.6a

43. Mandible • The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone • Composed of two main parts • Horizontal body • Two upright rami

44. Mandible Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view Figure 7.13a

45. Maxillary Bones • Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible • Contain maxillary sinuses—largest paranasal sinuses • Forms part of the inferior orbital fissure • Are the “keystone” bones of the face

46. Maxillary Bones Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view Figure 7.13b

47. Frontal bone Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses Zygomatic bone Frontal sinus Orbit Orbit Ethmoid bone Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Maxilla Oral cavity Vomer Mandible

48. Inferior Aspect of the Skull Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Vomer Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Foramen magnum External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.7a

49. Other Bones of the Face • Zygomatic bones • Form lateral wall of orbits • Nasal bones • Form bridge of nose • Lacrimal bones • Located in the medial orbital walls • Palatine bones • Complete the posterior part of the hard palate

50. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Figure 7.6a