The Jefferson Era: A Presidential Smack-Down and Land Expansion

1. Ch. 9 recap • Washington and Adams are our first and second presidents • Political parties get started

2. Democratic Republicans The First Political Parties Federalists Strong central government Loose interpretation of Constitution Flexible to change National bank • Weaker central government • Strict interpretation of Constitution • Opposed national bank

3. 1800-1816 Chapter 10: The Jefferson Era

4. Presidential Smack-Down: The Election of 1800!! • John Adams (Federalists) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republicans)

5. The DR’s thought the Feds had ruined the Bill of Rights with the Alien and Sedition Acts (from Ch. 9) • The Feds thought the DR’s were radicals • RADICALS- People who take an extreme political opinion

6. The Election ends with a tie in the Electoral College • Jefferson – 73 votes • Adams – 65 votes • Aaron Burr – 73 votes

7. Both Jefferson and Burr are Democratic Republicans, but the Federalists run the House of Representatives • The House votes for the President if there is a tie

8. Jefferson wins after a tie-breaker in the House of Representatives • It took 35 times • This leads to the Aaron Burr- Alexander Hamilton duel

9. Ride or Die: The Hamilton/ Burr duel (Don’t write this down)

10. Jefferson was a man of many talents (Don’t write this down) Lawyer Architect Inventor Violinist Archeologist (1st American) Book Collector

11. Thomas Jefferson • Had strong opinions on what America should be like • Tried unite the country by promoting a common way of life • The U.S. should be a country of small, independent farmers • His role as President would be modest

12. Jefferson believed… • A nation of small farmers would have strong moral and democratic values • Large amount of land in the U.S. will prevent overcrowding • The central government should stay small

13. Undoing Federalist Programs • Jefferson ends the Alien and Sedition Acts • He reduces taxes and the size of the government and military • He undoes Hamilton’s policy of public debt

14. John Marshall and the Judiciary • Jefferson has little power over the courts • Judges are appointed for life

15. John Marshall- 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Served for over 30 years • Held back the power of the DR’s by using JUDICIAL REVIEW

16. Under Marshall, the Supreme Court will strengthen the federal government • Remember, the Federalists want a strong central government, and Marshall is a Federalist

17. Marbury v. Madison • This case established judicial review

18. Jefferson and Madison were unhappy with Marbury v. Madison • Added strength to Supreme Court and the federal government • With Judicial Review, Marshall creates a lasting balance among the three branches of government

19. Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

20. “The West”

21. The West • The Appalachians to the Mississippi River • Thousands begin to move west • Kentucky and Tennessee are states by 1800 • Ohio is a state by 1803 • The Mississippi River is the western boundary of the U.S. • Spain and France are negotiating who owns what west of the River

22. Napoleon and New Orleans • To avoid war, Jefferson asks to buy New Orleans • Napoleon offers to sell the entire Louisiana Territory instead

24. Napoleon wants to sell for 3 reasons: • America’s determination to keep New Orleans • A slave revolt in the West Indies Costly war with Britain

25. The Louisiana Purchase • April 30, 1803- Jefferson buys all of Louisiana from France for 15 million dollars • 3 cents per acre • 13 states will come from the land purchased

26. Merriwether Lewis and William Clark • Lewis was in charge, with Clark as second in command • The group of volunteers was called the Corps of Discovery • They later changed the name to the Lewis and Clark Expedition

27. Sacagawea • A Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark • She knew the land, and had mad language skills

28. The Expedition brought back a wealth of scientific and geographic knowledge • There was no all-water route to the Pacific Ocean!

29. What they found (Don’t write this down)

30. The Effects of Exploration • Accurate maps of the West beyond the Mississippi • Growth of the fur trade

31. Section 3: Problems with Foreign Powers

32. Jefferson wanted us to stay out of foreign business, just like Washington said

33. This would fail for three reasons #1: American merchants were trading all over the world

34. #2: The Louisiana Purchase means expansion to the West Americans will come into closer contact with people of other nations living there. Spanish French Native Americans

35. #3: We have little control over the actions of foreign nations North African pirates are messing with our shipping

36. Problems with England and France Britain and France are still at war, and the U.S. trading with France bothers Britian • 1805- Britain clamps down on American shipping, and sets up a partial blockade • This angers France, who sets up their own laws about who we can trade with • Who do we listen to?

37. Also, the British begin impressment, kidnapping our sailors at sea to work on British ships • Jefferson avoids war, and is becoming unpopular

38. Instead of war, Jefferson passes the Embargo Act of 1807 • American ships are not allowed to sail to foreign ports • American ports are closed to British ships

39. It was a disaster • More harmful to the U.S. than the British or French • “Like cutting one’s throat to cure a nosebleed”

40. Major issue in the election of 1808, and Jefferson loses to James Madison Congress kills the Embargo Act

41. Americans also believed that the British were stirring up the Native Americans again • Indians in the Northwest have been losing more and more land, but getting more and more guns

42. Tecumseh • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, asks the Native Americans to unite • The Treaty of Fort Wayne gives the U.S. 3 million acres of land, but Tecumseh declares it meaningless • He begins to build an army

43. Battle of Tippecanoe • While Tecumseh is away recruiting more tribes, William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh’s Indian army at Tippecanoe • Tecumseh and his buddies flee to Canada

45. The warm welcome they get by the British only angers Americans more.

46. The War Hawks • Some people welcome a war with Britain • Henry Clay • Andrew Jackson • Westerners who wanted war were called War Hawks

47. The War Hawks wanted the British to • stop impressment • stop helping the Native Americans • get out of Canada • We declare war on June 18, 1812. • Our second, and last, war with Britain

48. Section 4: The War of 1812

49. It Just Got Real: the War of 1812 • Britain doesn’t want a war, it’s already at war with France • They agree to leave our ships alone, but it’s too late • The agreement arrives two weeks after we declare war

50. The War Begins • The War has 2 main phases • Phase 1: 1812-1814: The British blockade American shipping • Still at war with France, few troops to send to America