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Instruction Set of 8086

Instruction Set of 8086. K.Praveen Kumar Asst. Professor GITAM University. Instruction Set of 8086. An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire group of instructions that a microprocessor supports is called Instruction Set .

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Instruction Set of 8086

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  1. Instruction Set of 8086 K.Praveen Kumar Asst. Professor GITAM University

  2. Instruction Set of 8086 • An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. • The entire group of instructions that a microprocessor supports is called Instruction Set. • 8086 has more than 20,000 instructions.

  3. Classification of Instruction Set • Data Transfer Instructions • Arithmetic Instructions • Logical Instructions • Program Control Transfer or Branching Instructions • String Instructions • Processor Control Instructions

  4. Data Transfer Instructions • These instructions are used to transfer data from source to destination. • The operand can be a constant, memory location, register or I/O port address.

  5. Data Transfer Instructions • MOV Des, Src: • Src operand can be register, memory location or immediate operand. • Des can be register or memory operand. • Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at the same time. • E.g.: • MOV CX, 037A H • MOV AL, BL • MOV BX, [0301 H]

  6. Data Transfer Instructions • PUSH Operand: • It pushes the operand into top of stack. • The operand can be a general purpose register or segment registers or memory location. • E.g.: PUSH BX • POP Des: • It pops the operand from top of stack to Des. • Des can be a general purpose register, segment register (except CS) or memory location. • E.g.: POP AX

  7. Data Transfer Instructions • XCHG Des, Src: • This instruction exchanges Src with Des. • It cannot exchange two memory locations directly. • E.g.: XCHG DX, AX • E.g.: XCHG DX, [SI] • E.g.: XCHG [DI], AX

  8. Data Transfer Instructions • IN Accumulator, Port Address: • It transfers the operand from specified port to accumulator register. • E.g.: IN AX, 0028 H • E.g.: IN AL, 28 H • E.g.: IN AL, DX • E.g.: IN AX, DX

  9. OUT Port Address, Accumulator: • It transfers the operand from accumulator to specified port. • E.g.: OUT DX, AX • E.g.: OUT 32H, AL • E.g.: OUT DX, AL • E.g.: OUT 0028 H, AX • E.g.: OUT 45H, AL

  10. Data Transfer Instructions • LDS Des, Src: • It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to destination register and DS. • The offset is placed in the destination register and the segment is placed in DS. • To use this instruction the word at the lower memory address must contain the offset and the word at the higher address must contain the segment. • E.g.: LDS BX, [DI]

  11. Data Transfer Instructions • LES Des, Src: • It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to destination register and ES. • The offset is placed in the destination register and the segment is placed in ES. • This instruction is very similar to LDS except that it initializes ES instead of DS. • E.g.: LES DI, [BX]

  12. Data Transfer Instructions • LEA Register, Src: • It loads a 16-bit register with the offset address of the data specified by the Src. • E.g.: LEA BX, [DI] • This instruction loads the contents of DI (offset) into the BX register.

  13. Data Transfer Instructions • LAHF: • It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH. • SAHF: • It copies the contents of AH to lower byte of flag register. • PUSHF: • Pushes flag register to top of stack. • POPF: • Pops the stack top to flag register.

  14. Data Transfer Instructions • XLAT: Translate Byte to AL • The translate instruction is used for finding out the codes in case of code conversion problems, using look up table technique.

  15. Arithmetic Instructions • ADD Des, Src: • It adds a byte to byte or a word to word. • It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • E.g.: • ADD AL, 74H • ADD DX, AX • ADD AX, [BX]

  16. Arithmetic Instructions • ADC Des, Src: • It adds the two operands with CF. • It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • E.g.: • ADC AL, 74H • ADC DX, AX • ADC AX, [BX]

  17. Arithmetic Instructions • SUB Des, Src: • It subtracts a byte from byte or a word from word. • It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag. • E.g.: • SUB AL, 74H • SUB DX, AX • SUB AX, [BX]

  18. Arithmetic Instructions • SBB Des, Src: • It subtracts the two operands and also the borrow from the result. • It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • E.g.: • SBB AL, 74H • SBB DX, AX • SBB AX, [BX]

  19. Arithmetic Instructions • INC Src: • It increments the byte or word by one. • The operand can be a register or memory location. • It effects AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • CF is not effected. • E.g.: INC AX

  20. Arithmetic Instructions • DEC Src: • It decrements the byte or word by one. • The operand can be a register or memory location. • It effects AF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags. • CF is not effected. • E.g.: DEC AX

  21. Arithmetic Instructions • NEG Src: • It creates 2’s complement of a given number. • That means, it changes the sign of a number.

  22. Arithmetic Instructions • CMP Des, Src: • It compares two specified bytes or words. • The Src and Des can be a constant, register or memory location. • Both operands cannot be a memory location at the same time. • The comparison is done simply by internally subtracting the source from destination. • The value of source and destination does not change, but the flags are modified to indicate the result.

  23. Arithmetic Instructions • MUL Src: • It is an unsigned multiplication instruction. • It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two words to produce a double word. • AX = AL * Src • DX : AX = AX * Src • This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or AX. • Src can be a register or memory location. • IMUL Src: • It is a signed multiplication instruction.

  24. Arithmetic Instructions • DIV Src: • It is an unsigned division instruction. • It divides word by byte or double word by word. • The operand is stored in AX, divisor is Src and the result is stored as: • AH = remainder AL = quotient • IDIV Src: • It is a signed division instruction.

  25. Arithmetic Instructions • CBW (Convert Byte to Word): • This instruction converts byte in AL to word in AX. • The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AL throughout AH. • CWD (Convert Word to Double Word): • This instruction converts word in AX to double word in DX : AX. • The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AX throughout DX.

  26. Representation of Numbers • ASCII representation • Numbers are stored as a string of ASCII characters • Example: 1234 is stored as 31 32 33 34H • ASCII for 1 is 31H, for 2 is 32H, etc. • BCD representation • Unpacked BCD • Example: 1234 is stored as 01 02 03 04H • Additional byte is used for sign • Sign byte: 00H for + and 80H for - • Packed BCD • Saves space by packing two digits into a byte • Example: 1234 is stored as 12 34H

  27. Arithmetic Instructions • DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition) • It is used to make sure that the result of adding two BCD numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number. • It only works on AL register. • DAS (Decimal Adjust after Subtraction) • It is used to make sure that the result of subtracting two BCD numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number. • It only works on AL register.

  28. Processing Packed BCD Numbers Packed BCD addition Example 1 Example 2 29H = 00101001B 27H = 00100111B 69H = 01101001B 34H = 00110100B 92H = 10010010B 5BH = 01011101B Should be 98H (add 6) Should be 61H (add 6) Example 3 52H = 01010010B 61H = 01100001B B3H = 10110010B Should be 13H (add 60H)

  29. Processing Packed BCD Numbers • The daa instruction works as follows: • If the least significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if AF =1, it adds 6 to AL and sets AF • If the most significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if CF =1, it adds 60H to AL and sets CF Example: mov AL,71H add AL,43H ; AL = B4H daa ; AL = 14H and CF = 1 • The result including the carry (i.e., 114H) is the correct answer

  30. Processing Packed BCD Numbers Packed BCD subtraction • The das instruction works as follows: • If the least significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if AF =1, it subtracts 6 from AL and sets AF • If the most significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if CF =1, it subtracts 60H from AL and sets CF Example: mov AL,71H sub AL,43H ; AL = 2EH das ; AL = 28H

  31. Representation of Numbers • Numbers are in ASCII form • when received from keyboard • when sending to the display • Binary form is efficient to process numbers internally

  32. Arithmetic Instructions • AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition): • The data entered from the terminal is in ASCII format. • In ASCII, 0 – 9 are represented by 30H – 39H. • This instruction allows us to add the ASCII codes. • This instruction does not have any operand. • Other ASCII Instructions: • AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction) • AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication) • AAD (ASCII Adjust Before Division)

  33. Processing ASCII Numbers ASCII addition Example 1 Example 2 34H = 00110100B 36H = 00110110B 35H = 00110101B 37H = 00110111B 69H = 01101001B 6DH = 01101101B Should be 09H Should be 13H Ignore 6 Ignore 6 and add 6 to D • The aaa instruction performs these adjustments to the byte in AL register

  34. Processing ASCII Numbers • The aaa instruction works as follows: • If the least significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if AF =1, it adds 6 to AL and 1 to AH. • Both CF and AF are set • In all cases, the most significant four bits in AL are cleared • Example: sub AH,AH ; clear AH mov AL,‘36' ; AL = 36H add AL,‘37' ; AL = 36H+37H = 6DH aaa ; AX = 0103H or AL,30H ; AL = 33H

  35. Processing ASCII Numbers ASCII subtraction • The aas instruction works as follows: • If the least significant four bits in AL are > 9 or if AF =1, it subtracts 6 from AL and 1 from AH. • Both CF and AF are set • In all cases, the most significant four bits in AL are cleared • This adjustment is needed only if the result is negative

  36. Processing ASCII Numbers • Example 1: sub AH,AH ; clear AH mov AL,‘39' ; AL = 39H sub AL,‘33' ; AL = 39H-33H = 6H aas ; AX = 0006H or AL,30H ; AL = 36H

  37. Processing ASCII Numbers ASCII multiplication • The aam instruction adjusts the result of a mul instruction • Multiplication should not be performed on ASCII • Can be done on unpacked BCD • The aam instruction works as follows • AL is divided by 10 • Quotient is stored in AH • Remainder in AL • aam does not work with imul instruction

  38. Processing ASCII Numbers • Example 1 mov AL,03 ; multiplier in unpacked BCD form mov BL,09 ; multiplicand in unpacked BCD form mul BL ; result 001BH is in AX aam ; AX = 0207H or AX,3030H ; AX = 3237H • Example 2 mov AL,‘33' ; multiplier in ASCII mov BL,‘39' ; multiplicand in ASCII and AL,0FH ; multiplier in unpacked BCD form and BL,0FH ; multiplicand in unpacked BCD form mul BL ; result 001BH is in AX aam ; AX = 0207H or AL,30H ; AL = 37H

  39. Processing ASCII Numbers ASCII division • The aad instruction adjusts the numerator in AX before dividing two unpacked decimal numbers • The denominator is a single unpacked byte • The aad instruction works as follows • Multiplies AH by 10 and adds it to AL and sets AH to 0 • Example: • If AX is 0207H before aad • AX is changed to 001BH after aad • aad instruction reverses the changes done by aam

  40. Processing ASCII Numbers • Example: Divide 27 by 5 mov AX,0207H ; dividend in unpacked BCD form mov BL,05H ; divisor in unpacked BCD form aad ; AX = 001BH div BL ; AX = 0205H • aad converts the unpacked BCD number in AX to binary form so that div can be used

  41. Logical Instructions • These instructions are used at the bit level. • These instructions can be used for: • Testing a zero bit • Set or reset a bit • Shift bits across registers

  42. Logical Instructions • NOT : Logical Invert Src • It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s complement of the specified operand. • The operand can be a register or memory location. • Ex: NOT AX

  43. Logical Instructions • AND: Logical AND Des, Src: • It performs AND operation of Des and Src. • Src can be immediate number, register or memory location. • Des can be register or memory location. • Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same time. • CF and OF become zero after the operation. • PF, SF and ZF are updated. • Ex: AND AL, OFH

  44. Logical Instructions • OR: Logical OR Des, Src: • It performs OR operation of Des and Src. • Src can be immediate number, register or memory location. • Des can be register or memory location. • Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same time. • CF and OF become zero after the operation. • PF, SF and ZF are updated. • Ex: OR AL, OFH

  45. Logical Instructions • XOR: Logical Exclusive OR Des, Src: • It performs XOR operation of Des and Src. • Src can be immediate number, register or memory location. • Des can be register or memory location. • Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same time. • CF and OF become zero after the operation. • PF, SF and ZF are updated.

  46. Logical Instructions • SHL/SAL: Shift Logical/Arithmetic Left Des, Count: • It shift bits of byte or word left, by count. • It puts zero(s) in LSBs. • MSB is shifted into carry flag. • If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the immediate number 1 can be written in Count. • However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.

  47. Logical Instructions • SHR: Shift Logical right Des, Count: • It shift bits of byte or word right, by count. • It puts zero(s) in MSBs. • LSB is shifted into carry flag. • If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the immediate number 1 can be written in Count. • However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.

  48. Logical Instructions • SAR: Shift arithmetic Right Des, Count: • It shift bits of byte or word right, by count. • It puts the most significant bit of the operand in newly inserted positions.. • LSB is shifted into carry flag. • If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the immediate number 1 can be written in Count. • However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1, then the count is put in CL register.

  49. Logical Instructions • ROL: Rotate Left Without Carry Des, Count: • It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count. • MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF. • If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the immediate number 1 can be written in Count. • However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1, then the count is put in CL register. Ex 1: ROL CX, 1 EX 2: MOV CL,03 ROL BL,CL

  50. Logical Instructions • ROR: Rotate Right Without Carry Des, Count: • It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count. • LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF. • If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the immediate number 1 can be written in Count. • However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than 1, then the count is put in CL register. Ex 1: ROR CX, 1 EX 2: MOV CL,03 ROR BL,CL

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