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Unit 4: Ancient Greece

Unit 4: Ancient Greece. Geography. Geography shaped Greek traditions and customs It also kept the Greeks isolated from one another. The SEA provides T ravel to other places T rade with others (Greece has poor resources) F ood. The LAND creates

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Unit 4: Ancient Greece

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  1. Unit 4: Ancient Greece

  2. Geography • Geography shaped Greek traditions and customs • It also kept the Greeks isolated from one another

  3. The SEA provides • Travel to other places • Trade with others (Greece has poor resources) • Food

  4. The LAND creates • Division from mountains • Differences because of division • Disunity because of differences

  5. The CLIMATE allows • Outdoor public meetings

  6. Trojan War

  7. Early Greeks • Mycenaeans took power around 2000 B.C. • Trojan War – a war around 1200 BC in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy • Troy is a Greek legend – is it true or false? • Mycenaean power declines after this

  8. Greek Culture Declines • Mycenaeans lose power • Dorians take control • Dorians are stupid • Economy collapses • Trade declines • People even forget how to write! • It’s the Dark Ages for Greece

  9. Key Terms • Polis – Greek City-State • Acropolis– Fortified hilltop in Greek City-states where people met • Monarchy - Government in the hands of a single ruler, usually a king

  10. Aristocracy – Government in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility • Oligarchy – Government in the hands of a few wealthy people

  11. Phalanx- A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields • Peloponnesian War – a war between 431 and 404 B.C. in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies

  12. Sparta • Government • Assembly of all free adult males • Council of Elders • Ephors (judges) • Kings (Military)

  13. Sparta • Social Structures • Citizens • Free Non-citizens (Foreigners and women) • Helots (indentured Servants) • Slaves • Women had many rights, but could not vote

  14. Sparta • Education • Hard military training from age 7 for boys • Girls and boys learned to read and write • Little further academic training

  15. Sparta • Arts • None! • Duty, Strength and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom

  16. Athens • Government • Democracy – Rule by people • Council of Five Hundred (proposed laws) • Free adult males are citizens and participate in government

  17. Athens • Social Structures • Citizens • Foreigners and Women • Slaves (1/3 of all population) • Women, foreigners and slaves had few rights

  18. Athens • Education • None for girls • Boys highly educated • Higher education available for wealthy

  19. Athens • Arts • Philosophy • Literature • Poetry • Sculpture • Theater • Arts were very important and taught to all boys

  20. Persian Wars480 B.C. • Greece vs. Persia • Marathon • Thermopylae (“300”) • Salamis • Plataea • Greeks win

  21. Peloponnesian War431 B.C. – 404 B.C. • Athens (navy) Vs. Sparta (Army) • Sparta Wins

  22. Spartans vs. Athenians! • The PELOPONNESIAN WAR – a war between Athens and Sparta from 431 B.C.E. to 404 B.C.E. in which Sparta won had many effects on the city-states. • Sparta had land advantage/Athens naval • Plague hurts Athens – Pericles dies • Athens loses; democracy weakens

  23. The Golden Age • Athens went through a G.A. after the Persian Wars (480 – 430 B.C.E.) • During Athens’ G.A., drama, architecture, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, and science reached new heights.

  24. Pericles (494-429 B.C.E.) • PERICLES – A wise and able Athenian politician – led Athens for 32 years during its G.A. • He had 3 goals: • To strengthen Athenian democracy • To hold and strengthen the empire • To glorify Athens

  25. Pericles’ Goal #1 - Democracy • Pericles increased # of paid public officials • Introduced DIRECT DEMOCRACY – a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

  26. Pericles’ Goal #2 - Empire • Pericles strengthened the navy • Made it the most powerful in the Mediterranean

  27. Pericles’ Goal #3 - Glorify • He made Athens pretty!  • Parthenon • Arts • Sculpture • Drama

  28. Philosophers • Philosophers searched for truth during these uncertain times • Socrates – philosopher (469-399 B.C.E.) • Plato – philosopher (427-347 B.C.E.) • Aristotle – philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.)

  29. Homer • Blind Greek author/storyteller • Composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds • The Iliad • The Odyssey

  30. Philip Builds Macedonia’s Power • The Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states • In the north, Philip prepared Macedonia to invade

  31. Philip transformed peasants into a professional army • Used a heavy 16x16 phalanx formation • Greek city states could not unite against Philip until it was too late…

  32. The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) ended Greek freedom and independence • Philip was murdered (336 BC) • Never got to invade Persia

  33. Alexander Defeats Persia • 20-year-old Alexander takes Macedonia over after his father dies • Alexander was already a great leader • Education (Aristotle) • Inspiration (Illiad) • Military (Chaeronea, Thebes)

  34. With Greece under his control, he turns to Persia • Alexander wins two important battles against Darius III • Darius offers Alexander 1/3 the Persian Empire, but Alexander refuses

  35. The final victory comes at Gaugamela • Alexander’s phalanx vs. Persian chariots with scythes • Alexander’s victory ends Persian control • His army takes advantage of the empire’s massive wealth

  36. Alexander’s Other Conquests • Alexander continued conquests in India and SW Asia over the next years • His soldiers marched >11,000 miles in 11 years • Finally head back in 323 BC

  37. Alexander’s Legacy • Alexander died of fever when he returned • Who would control the huge empire? • 3 general divided it and ruled with absolute power • Alexander’s rule ended the freedom of Greek city-states and created a new culture

  38. Hellenistic Culture • After Alexander’s death, a blended culture called HELLENISTIC – A MIX OF GREEK, EGYPTIAN, AND EASTERN CULTURES – started. • Alexandria in Egypt became the center of the Hellenistic world • It was an international port city full of trade and commerce

  39. Alexandria was magnificent • Palaces • Statues • Lighthouse • Museum • Library

  40. Hellenistic Science & Technology • Scientists in Alexandria studied Astronomy • Earth center of universe • Earth’s size (accurate) • Euclid creates a geometry text used the next 2000 years • Archimedes establishes pi (3.14)

  41. Hellenistic Philosophy & Art • Stoicism and Epicureanism • Sculpture flourishes • Hellenistic sculpture focuses on more natural forms than the Greeks

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