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Personality & The Self

Delve into biological theories like Galen's humors and Sheldon's somatotypes, and behavioral approaches to understand how genetics, environment, and behavior shape personality. Discover temperaments, stability, child constellations, and the influence of the environment on personality development. Dive into sex differences, self-concept, self-control, and self-efficacy beliefs. Uncover the dynamic interplay between nature and nurture in shaping our individuality.

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Personality & The Self

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  1. Personality & The Self Chapter 9

  2. Personality - Biological Approaches Personality is an entity (Reification)

  3. Galen - 4 Humors • Blood • Phlegm • Yellow Bile • Black Bile

  4. Sheldon - Somatotypes • Ectomorph • Mesomorph • Endomorph

  5. Somatotypes = Personalities • Ectomorph = Cerebrotonia • Mesomorph = Somatotonia • Endomorph = Visceratonia

  6. Current Biological Theories • Cattell - 16 Traits • Eysenck - Types • “The Big Five”7

  7. The “Big Five” Personality Characteristics • I Surgency (Extraversion) • II Agreeableness • III Conscientiousness • IV Emotional Stability (vs. Neuroticism) • Culture, intellect, openess

  8. Behavioral Approach to Personality • Behavior - You are what you do. • Lundin (1961) Personality is: • “that organization of unique behavioral equipment an individual has acquired under the special conditions of his (or her) development” • Body is the location for your behavior (Baer) • Environment shapes personality • Behavior is situation specific

  9. Behavioral Systems Approach • Genotype/environment interactions (temperament) • Person/Environment Interactions • Personality as a skill • Personality as a dynamic attractor

  10. Temperaments (Thomas, Chess, & Birch) • · Activity Level: • · Rhythmicity: • · Approach or Withdrawal: • · Adaptability: Is the child able to adjust easily to changes in caretaking patterns? • · Intensity of Reaction: • · Threshold of Responsiveness: • Quality of Mood: • · Distractibility

  11. Temperaments (Bates) • Negative emotionality • Difficultiness • Adaptability to new situations or people • Activity Level • Self-regulation (smoothability) • Reactivity • Sociability-positive emotionality

  12. How Stable is Temperament • Low agreement among different observers (e.g., mother, father, teacher). • Weak correlations between early months measures and later. • Around end of year 1, better short-term stability • After second year, beter long-term stability

  13. Child Constellations • Easy Child • Difficult Child • Slow-to-Warm Child

  14. Which Category?

  15. Implications • “Goodness of Fit” • Nonlinear Model

  16. Role of Environment • Genotype-Environment Interactions • (Heavily genetic-constitutional –e.g. early temperament) • Person-Environment Interactions • (Heavily environmentally acquired) Personality • Consistency in enviornments mean consistency in behavior. (Pasive, evocative, and active interactions contribute to this) • Drastic changes in environment produce changes in personality (e.g., Patty Hearst). • Previously reinforced behaviors put on extinction. New behaviors reinforced. • Personality as behavioral attractor. (i.e., organized pattern of behavior.

  17. How the Environment Organizes Behavior • Familiar environments produce familiar behavior • We actively maintain familiar environments • We are reinforced by familar environments • We environments are unfamiliar • We try to change them • They change us • previous behaviors are extinguished • new behaviors emerge and are organized

  18. Sex Differences • How Do Gender Related Behaviors Develop? • Sex Role Stereotypes and Societal/Cultural Expectations • Parental Expectations & Reinforcement • Reinforcement of Gender Appropriate Behaviors • Androgyny - Combining Roles

  19. The Self • Self Concept and Self Recognition • Self-Awareness & Perspective Taking • Relational Frame Theory • Self statements • Stable vs. Unstable Traits • Internal - stable • External - unstable • Self-Efficacy Beliefs • Self Control • Self Esteem

  20. Self-Control • Matching Law & Choice • Problem • Small Immediate vs. • Large Delayed • Change Value by changing amount or delay

  21. The Self Revisited

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