Managing Your Weight: Finding a Healthy Balance

1. Managing Your Weight: Finding a Healthy Balance

2. Introduction • 66% of Americans are overweight or obese • Associated health risks • Diabetes • Cardiovascular Disease • Some cancers • $152 billion in medical expenses and lost productivity

3. ABC News: Managing Your Weight • Discussion Questions • Why do you think obesity is more prevalent among poor Americans? • How does lack of transportation for inner city residents impact obesity? • How does the cost of fresh fruits and vegetables compare to the price of foods high in carbohydrates and fat? Play Video | Managing Your Weight

4. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults, 1996 and 2005 Figure 10.1

6. Determining the Right Weight for You • A healthy weight depends on: • Body structure • Height • Weight distribution • Fat to lean tissue ratio • Important to consider overall body composition • Muscle weighs more than fat, so muscular individuals might be overweight based on traditional height/weight charts

7. Overweight or Obese? • Overweight is 1% to 19% over your ideal weight • Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat (over 19% above your normal weight) • Men and women have different expected amounts of fat • Too little fat • Minimum for men 3-4% • Women 8% - can lead to amenorrhea

8. Assessing Fat Levels • Body mass index (BMI) • Index of the relationship between height and weight • BMI of 18.5-25 kg/m2 indicates healthy weight • Does have limitations • Waist-to-hip ratio • Weight in abdominal region associated with more risk • Waist circumference > 40 in. for men; >35 in. for women represents an increased risk of disease

9. Body Mass Index: Are You at a Healthy Weight? Figure 10.2

11. Assessing Fat Levels • Measures of Body Fat • Hydrostatic weighing technique • Pinch and Skinfold Measures • Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) • Near-Infrared Interactance • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • The Bod Pod and Pea Pod • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis • Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)

12. Risk Factors for Obesity • Heredity and genetic factors • Body type and genes • Obesity genes • Endocrine influences • Under-active thyroid • Hormone imbalance

13. Risk Factors for Obesity • Hunger, appetite, and satiety • Adaptive thermogenesis • Brown fat cells • What is the difference between hunger, appetite, and satiety?

14. Risk Factors for Obesity • Metabolic rates (BMR) • Age • Body composition • Gender • Fever • Starvation

15. Risk Factors for Obesity • Key environmental factors • Energy intake is high • Bombarded with advertising • Changes in working families • Bottle feeding in infants • Increase in sedentary lifestyle • Misleading food labels • Increased opportunities for eating • Psychological factors • Food as reward

16. Risk Factors for Obesity • Obesity in youth • Vulnerable to food ads • Larger portions, junk food • Social factors • Decline of home-cooking • Increased production of calorie-laden fast foods • Internet • Video games • Over 17% of youth in U.S. now overweight or obese • Heavy adolescents generally heavy adults

17. Risk Factors for Obesity • Lifestyle • Lack of physical activity • Calorie intake • Smoking • Gender • Women more vulnerable to weight gain • Social physique anxiety (SPA) • Spend disproportionate amount of time fixated on bodies, working out, performing self-directed tasks

18. The Concept of Energy Balance Figure 10.3

19. Managing Your Weight • Keeping weight control in perspective • Each person is different • Weight loss is not simple • The causes are complex, so is the solution • Setting realistic goals • Maintainable lifestyle change

20. Managing Your Weight • Calorie • Unit of measure of the amount of energy obtained from food • One pound of fat = 3,500 calories • Adding exercise • Resting metabolic rate (RMR) • Exercising metabolic rate (EMR)

21. Managing Your Weight • Improving your eating habits • What triggers your eating? • Changing your triggers • Selecting a nutritional plan • Set goals • Seek help from reputable sources

23. Managing Your Weight • Fad diets • Health Risks • Very-low-calorie-diets (VLCDs) • Ketosis • Drug treatment • May have a lasting negative impact on metabolism • Obesity surgery • A last resort when all else fails!

24. Managing Your Weight • Trying to gain weight • Moderate exercise • Eat more calories • Eat at regularly scheduled times • Supplement your diet • Avoid diuretics, laxatives • Relax

26. Thinking Thin: Body Image Disorders • The media sets the standard for attractiveness • Underweight models and celebrities send message than thin is best • Striving to achieve these thin standards often makes people ill • Weight bias • Difficulty finding a job, workplace discrimination, social issues • Stigma against heavy people manifests is many different ways • Can lead to isolation, depression, poorer psychological adjustment, higher rates of suicide

27. Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Self-starvation • Intense fear of fat • 1% of adolescent girls • Bulimia nervosa • Binge and then take inappropriate measures to lose calories (purge) • 3% of adolescent and young females • 1 Male for every 10 females • Often at normal weight

28. Eating Disorders • Binge eating disorder • Often clinically obese • Eat excessive amounts without purging

29. The Eating Issues and Body Image Continuum Figure 10.5

30. Eating Disorders • At risk • Most often young people • Obsessive-compulsive disorder/depression/anxiety all play a role • Tend to be women from middle to upper class families • Low self esteem, negative body image, perfectionism • Male sufferers are increasing

32. Eating Disorders • Treatments • Goal is to stabilize the patient’s life • Long-term therapy • Multidimensional approach