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Chapter 6 Local Area Network Hardware

Chapter 6 Local Area Network Hardware. LAN Technology Architecture Network Interface Cards Wiring Center LAN Switches Media. LAN Technology Architecture. Shared-media LAN Switched LAN. Shared- Media LAN. Sharing available bandwidth among all devices

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Chapter 6 Local Area Network Hardware

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  1. Chapter 6Local Area Network Hardware • LAN Technology Architecture • Network Interface Cards • Wiring Center • LAN Switches • Media

  2. LAN Technology Architecture • Shared-media LAN • Switched LAN

  3. Shared- Media LAN • Sharing available bandwidth among all devices • 100BaseT, 100VG-Any-LAN, isochronous Ethernet

  4. Switched LAN • Dedicated (guaranteed) bandwidth to switch connected devices (point-to-point) • Limited number of simultaneous point-to-point connections • Replace the media-sharing LAN for more bandwidth

  5. Full-Duplex Network Architectures • Special type of switched LAN • Full-duplex Ethernet, full-duplex token ring, full-duplex FDDI • Full-duplex Ethernet NICs, full-duplex NIC drivers, and full-duplex Ethernet switches

  6. Network Interface Cards (NICs)Functions • Physical link between devices • Pass data between devices • Determine the network architecture and protocol

  7. NICs - Technology Analysis • Bus Type • ISA, EISA, MCA, NuBus (Apple), PCI, PCMCIA, Sbus (Sun) • Internal/external or external interface to parallel port • Data transfer technique • Bus-mastering DMA (direct memory access) • DMA(direct memory access) • Shared memory • Program I/O • Media interfaces (cables & connectors) • Network drivers • Management tools • Other hardware requirements • On-board processor capabilities • On-board memory • System memory requirements

  8. Bus Types • Industry Standard Architecture (ISA): 8-bit or 16-bit • Microchannel Architecture (MCA): 32-bit • Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA): 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit • Local bus • Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA local bus or VL-Bus) • Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI local bus) • Advanced graphic port by Intel

  9. NICs - Trends • Dual-speed cards: 10/100 Mbps • Integrated or on-board NICs • Multiport NICs • On-NIC virus protection and security • Integrated repeater modules (up to seven devices) • Full-duplex mode • Performance improvement

  10. NIC Drivers • Functions: communication between NIC and PC’s operating system • Types: • Monolithic drivers • Multiprotocol network interface card drivers • NDIS (network driver interface specification) by Microsoft & 3Com • ODI (open data-link interface) by Novell & Apple • PCMCIA (PC Card or CardBus) drivers: card and socket services (CSS)

  11. PCMCIA • Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association • People Can’t Master Computer Industry Acronyms

  12. Wiring Center • For Shared-media LAN • Types • Stand-along hubs • Stackable hubs • Multistation access units • Enterprise hubs

  13. Stand-along Hubs • Repeaters • Retiming & regenerating digital signals • Linking devices or LAN segments of similar network architecture • Hubs • Subset of repeaters • Connect single devices to its ports • Concentrator or intelligent concentrator

  14. Stackable Hubs • Cascading ports for hubs • Specialized hub-to-hub cables • Expandability and manageability • Stackability ranging from 4 to 20

  15. Multistation Access Units • MAU: token ring hub • Shielded twisted pair with Type 1 connectors • Eight ports with additional ports: RI (ring in) & RO (ring out) for cascading • Active-management MAUs with identifying and removing malfunctioning token ring adapters

  16. Enterprise Hubs • Modular concentrators or network in a box • Modular design and chassis-based architecture • Hot-swappable: inserting and removing module with power on • Types of modules • Ethernet, token ring, & FDDI port modules • Management modules: security, encryption, authorization modules • Internetworking modules: router & bridge modules • Multiple power supplies for redundant power • Media: UTP, STP, thick or thin coax, & fiber

  17. Hub Management • Software • Local hub management software • Enterprise network management software: HP’s Open View, IBM’s NetView, Sun’s SunNet Manager, Novell’s NMS • Standard protocol • Simple network management protocol (SNMP) • Management information bases (MIB) • Remote monitoring (RMON) MIB

  18. Wiring Center Analysis • Expendability • Reliability • Network architecture • Media • Internetworking: WAN, LAN, different types • Management

  19. Wiring Center Management • Operating system • Faults • Alarms • Statistics • Security • Remote • SNMP

  20. LAN Switches: Architectures • Stand-alone switches or slide-in modules for enterprise switches: • Ethernet switches • Token ring switches • FDDI switches • Fast Ethernet switches • Super-Switches or Mega-Switches support • Multiple different LAN • ATM • WAN

  21. LAN Switch Methods • Cut-through switches • Fast • No error checking • Retransmitting • Store-and-forward switches • Slow • Error checking • Error-free cut-through switches • Error checking • Switch between cut-through & store-and-forward depend on line condition

  22. Switch Management • Flow control • Buffers • Backpressure: false collision detection signal • Monitoring • Port mirroring • Roving port mirroring • Simultaneous RMON view using a shared memory multigigabit bus

  23. LAN Switch Analysis • Switching methods: cut through, stored and forward, error free stored and forward • Network architecture: Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, etc • Port configuration and connection: single device or multiple devices • Full-duplex • Internetworking: routing or bridge or both • Management: SNMP

  24. ATM for LAN • IP over ATM • TCP/IP protocol stack to employ ATM services • LAN emulation • A translation layer to use ATM services

  25. LAN Media Alternatives • Not twisted pair • Unshielded twisted pair • Shielded twisted pair • Coaxial cable • Fiber • Microwave radio • Satellite • Infrared

  26. Not Twisted Pair: Phone Wire • Four-conductor station wire (RYGB) • Not for data transmission • Flat gray modular wire or gray satin or silver satin • Data over short distance

  27. Unshielded Twisted Pair • 22, 24, 26 American wire gauge(AWG) • Twisted pair or unshielded twisted pair (UTP) • Electrical noise & other interference • Electrical Industries Association/Telecommunications Industries Association (EIA/TIA): 5 grades (Cat 3 & Cat 5: data grade) • Attenuation • Near-end crosstalk (NExT) • Category 6 • Foil-twisted pair cable • Data rate: 600 MHz

  28. UTP Installation Mistakes • Untwisting more than max 13 mm to wall plates or punch-down block • Exceed maxi bend radius (increase cross talk) • Tight wires too tight (cross talk)

  29. Shielded Twisted Pair • Pros: • Less interference • Faster speed • Cons: • More expensive • Physically larger and difficult to connect to a terminating block

  30. Coaxial Cable • Pros: • Large bandwidth (400 - 600 MHz) • High capacity • Less interference • Good for noise environment • Cons: • Tapped easy (security problem) • Bulky to install

  31. Fiber - I • Types: • Single mode: more expensive and capacity • Multimode graded index: medium expensive and capacity • Multimode or multimode step index: less expensive and capacity • Inexpensive plastic or copper • Expensive glass • Pros: • High bandwidth • No interference • No crosstalk • Small physical size and light weight • Very secure • Cons: • Repeater for long distance • Expansive

  32. Fiber - II • Standard • Synchronous optical network (SONET) in US • Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) in Europe • Main cable - TAT-8 • 6 fiber optic • 2 pairs for voice, video, and data • 1 pairs for backup • Regenerator every 43 miles

  33. Microwave Radio - I • Characteristics • Long distance • 4-28 gHz frequency range • Straight line transmission • 20-30 miles between transmission towers • Radio license by FCC

  34. Microwave Radio - II • Pros: • Analog or digital signals • For voice, data and television signals • Long distance • Cons: • Interference by heavy rain • Straight line transmission • Security • Vendors • Motorola • Rockwell Communication Systems

  35. Satellite • Characteristics: • Microwave radio transmission • Uplink and downlink • Three satellites for the earth • Pros: • Analog or digital signals • For voice, data and television signals • Long distance • Cons: • Security and encryption • Propagation delay

  36. Infrared • Light waves • Line of sight • Wireless communication between nearby equipment

  37. Circuit Ownership • Private circuits • Leased circuits • Bypass • Switched (dial-up) circuits • Selection criteria • Cost, speed, availability, reliability, maintenance, users’ requirements

  38. Circuit Identification • Blue prints and document circuit and equipment • Circuit number to each circuit for identification

  39. Assignment • Review chapters 5-6 • Read chapter 7

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