Anatomy and Physiology Basics Explained

1. The HUMAN BODY • Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY • FORM/STRUCTURE • What it IS • Example: heart, blood cells, bone names and structures

3. PHYSIOLOGY • FUNCTION • What it DOES • Ex: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry oxygen, muscle contraction

4. Levels of Organization • Chemical Level • elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life. • Cellular Level • each cell has a unique shape and function • Tissue Level • groups of similar cells performing a specificfunction

5. Levels of Organization (cont) • Organ Level • two or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes • System Level • groups of organs which work together for a common function • Organism Level: • Human Body-groups of organ systems working together

6. Turn to an elbow partner and describe to them how you would drive from Sandy to Disneyland using this map.

7. Anatomical Position • Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward • It is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

8. Positions and Directions Superior • Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior • Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

9. Positions and Directions Anterior • Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior • Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

10. Positions and Directions Medial • Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral • Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

11. Turn to the neighbor at your right and give him/her an example for body parts using each of the anatomical positions we have covered so far (medial/lateral/superior/inferior/anterior/posterior). For example: The head is superior to the neck

12. Positions and Directions Distal (Reference to the extremities only) • Refers to a structure being further away from the rootof the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) • Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Root Root

13. Distal / Proximal Cont. • When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots. Proximal Distal Root

14. Positions and Directions Superficial • Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep • Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

15. Positions and Directions Ventral • Towards the front or belly • You vent out or your nose and mouth. Dorsal • Towards the back • Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.

16. Positions and Directions Prone • Lying face down • Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home. Supine • Lying face up • Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth. Unilateral • Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral • Pertaining to both sides of the body

17. Label each of these terms on your note sheet

18. Turn to the neighbor on your left and tell him/her about which anatomical directional term is the most confusing to you. Have him/her help you determine a better way to understand and remember this term.

19. Planes • Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ

20. Sagittal plane Divides body in right and left sections

21. Mid-Sagittal plane • Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections

22. Coronal (Frontal) Plane • Divides into anterior and posterior sections

23. Transverse plane • Divides into superior and inferior sections

24. BODY CAVITIES • SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures

25. BODY CAVITIES • Lined with a serous membrane • Two membranes • next to the cavity wall—parietal • next to the organ--visceral • Serous fluid is between membranes, prevents friction and provides protection and cushion

26. Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity • houses the brain • Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity • Houses and protects spinal cord

27. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity -pleural cavities (2) -abdominal cavity -mediastinum -pelvic cavity -pericardial cavity

28. Pause for effect…Color the body cavities worksheet and keep it with your notes

29. Body Regions

32. STUDY TIME!

33. Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS.Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities Abdominopelvic Quadrants

34. RUQ--Right upper quadrant Liver Right kidney Gall bladder LUQ--Left upper quadrant Spleen Stomach Left kidney Pancreas Abdominopelvic Quadrants RLQ--Right lower quadrant Cecum Appendix Right ovary LLQ--Left lower quadrant Left ovary Lower descending colon

35. STOP AND DRAW: Draw two intersecting lines through the abdomen Draw a small circle where the lines intersect Label this area the UMBILICUS Draw and label the organs in their respective quadrants Abdominopelvic Quadrants

37. Muscle Movements

38. Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the anglebetween two bones • In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the anglebetween two bones • In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

39. Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

40. Movements Pronation • Turning the arm or foot downward • (palm or sole of the foot - down) • Prone Supination • Turning the arm or foot upward • (palm or sole of the foot - up) • Supine – hold a bowl of soup

41. Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward (sticking your tongue out) Elevation • Raising a part (Shrugging the shoulders) Depression • Lowering a part

42. Movements Rotation • Turning on a singleaxis Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

43. Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or right

44. Movements of the Foot Inversion • Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion • Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion • Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion • Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

45. Movements of the Wrist & Thumb Radial Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition • Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

46. Simon Says!

47. Homeostasis • Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally.

48. Homeostasis must be maintained in: • gas concentrations • temperature • blood pressure • pH (acidity) • nutrients • water • ions

49. Negative Feedback Body attempts to stop (inhibit) action * Most feedback in the body is negative! * Temperature, pH, waterbalance, blood sugar levels Positive Feedback Body attempts to encourage (stimulate)action Blood clotting, labor, breast milk production Feedback Systems

50. 5 STEPS OF FEEDBACK STIMULUS what action occurred 2. RECEPTOR finds out what happened 3. CONTROL CENTER brain/spinal cord—decide on action EFFECTOR carries out action RESPONSE return to homeostasis Know this for the test!!