Quick study review of for week 24 DCA

1. Quick study review of for week 24 DCA

2. Evidence of evolution • Comparative Anatomy- how do structures of different organisms show that they have common ancestor • Homologous structures- similar structures from common ancestor • Analogous structures- similar function and structure but from different ancestor (no related). Q1) According to the diagram: which organism is cat most closely related to?

3. Evidence of Evolution • Embryology- study of embryo development in different species to show common ancestry

4. Evidence of Evolution • Molecular Biology: Using DNA sequence to determine the relativeness of species to show common ancestry. • Remember: DNARNAProteins - The more similar the DNA are between 2 species, the more related they are.

5. Evidence of Evolution • Cladogram- branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species. (wiki) Q1) According to the diagram, who is the oldest organism? Q2)What do trait(s) Mouse and chip share in common?

6. Evidence of Evolution • Fossil records- a system of relative dating showing the relative (estimated) age of the fossils depending on the layer of rocks they were found. • Remember the layers at the bottom is older than the ones on the top.

7. Geological Timeline • Shows the geological history of Earth and the evolution (rises and change) of the living and non-living organisms. Q1) According to the timescale: what was the first living organism? Q2)Where do we find the oldest dates on the top or bottom of the time scale?

8. Natural Selection • Natural selection is how the forces/ criteria from the environment selecting a specific trait with in a population. • This can lead to adaptation- meaning that the best fitted trait for that environment continues to live and reproduce. • Remember there is already a variety existing within the population to begin with! • Conditions of natural selection: • Over population • Competition for resource (food, mate, space) • The fittest (not always the strongest) will survive. • Variation should already exist within the population

9. Speciation-formation of new species • There are few mechanisms of how speciation occurs due to reproductive isolation (unable to mate and reproduce) between species. • Types of reproductive isolation: • Temporal isolation- different mating seasons • ***Geographical isolation- separated by geographical location (river, mountain, island) • Hybrid break down- the baby that is hybrid can’t have baby (sterile) • ***Behavioral isolation- different ways to mating rituals (i.e. dancing rituals, different bird songs, etc…)

10. Taxonomy- kingdoms • Be able to identify the characteristics of different kingdoms. • Pay close attention of differences and similarities between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. • They are both prokaryote- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. • Eubacteria are found in daily- common surroundings. • Archaebacteria are found in extreme environment (hot springs, salty environments)

11. Taxonomy- Dichotomous key • Be able to use dichotomous key to identify the name of the unknown organism. • *Remember to always start off with the first question and then depending on what the characteristic the organism do/do not have you go to the next question.

12. According to the diagram what is organism number 5?

13. Ecological succession • Change in a ecosystem over time

14. Primary succession • Started out with bare rock no soil, longer

15. Secondary succession • Occurs after a disaster/disturbance, have soil, faster

16. Pioneer species • First to start the succession create soil Lichen, moss, algae etc…

17. Climax community • Final stage of succession where everything is stable

18. Food Chain/ Food web Flow of energy and matter

19. What is the main source of Energy w/in an Ecosystem? The SUN! It provides Energy for the plants so that they can undergo photosynthesis and grow and then animals eat them.

20. Aut trophs “Auto” = self “troph” = food They are PRODUCERS! Organisms that use Energy from the environment to make their own food! (e.g.; plants and some bacteria)

21. Heterotroph “Hetero” = other “troph” = food They are CONSUMERS! Organisms that eat Other organisms to Obtain Energy. (e.g.; mushrooms, leopards, humans, & sharks)

22. Herbivores Animals that eat ONLY plants, fruits, and “herbs” (e.g.; Fruit Bats, Moose, Elephants, Rabbits, Deer, Cows)

23. Omnivores Animals that eat both autotrophs & heterotrophs (plants and animals) (e.g.; bears, most humans, pigs, dogs, monkeys, ducks & crows)

24. Carnivores Animals that eat other heterotrophs (animals)… Meat Eaters ONLY! (e.g.; Komodo Dragons, Lions, Tigers, Snakes & Octopus)

25. Predator vs. Prey Predator Captures and feeds Prey Is eaten or fed on

26. Decomposers Breaks down organic matter and recycles it back into the earth (this makes them the ultimate top level consumer) (e.g.; fungi/ mushrooms, and bacteria) Decomposers

27. Detritivores Scavengers; Feed on DEAD decaying organisms (e.g.; mites, flies, earthworms, snails, crabs, rats & vultures) Detritivores

28. Food Chain Shows how Energy is transferred “thru” an Ecosystem Sun  Autotrophs  Heterotrophs Shows a linear feeding relationship for 1 particular organism(“Who eats who”) Arrows ALWAYS Point to the 1 who is Enjoying the Meal Some People

29. Food Chain-Practice(circle the appropriate organism then answer questions) • A • B • In diagram A who is the producer? • In diagram B who is the tertiary consumer? • How many trophic level is in diagram B? • What is the ultimate (original) source of energy?

30. Food Web Shows a NETWORK of interconnected feeding relationships within an ecosystem Food Webs are ALL of the Food Chains w/in an Ecosystem linked together (“Who eats who” and “whose being eaten”)

31. Trophic Levels Each step in a food chain or food web PRODUCERS REPRESENTS THE 1ST LEVEL CONSUMERS MAKE UP THE 2ND, 3RD, OR HIGHER LEVELS Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy

32. Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web Producers Always start a food chain or a food web; plants or bacteria Primary Consumers eat the producers; herbivores

33. Trophic Levels w/in A Food Web Secondary Consumers Eat the producers and the primary consumers; omnivores Tertiary Consumers Eat the secondary and primary consumers; carnivores = the top Predator

34. Biomass Pyramids Biomass total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level The Pyramid represents the potential food available for each trophic level.

35. Pyramids of Numbers Based on the # of organisms at each trophic level. There should always be more producers represented than there are consumers http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains-mcq.htm

36. Energy Pyramids/ The Rule of 10 Only about 10% of the ENERGY available w/in 1 Trophic Level is transferred to organisms at the trophic level above it The rest of the Energy is released in some form of heat (e.g.; when you eat a chicken wing you are only going to absorb 10% of it’s energy)

37. Usable energy available at each trophic level (in kilocalories) Heat Tertiary consumers (human) 10 Heat Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Heat Decomposers Heat Primary consumers (zooplankton) 1,000 Heat 10,000 Producers (phytoplankton) Fig. 3-15, p. 63

38. Symbiosis • Relationship between two organisms that live CLOSELY together

39. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit; +/+ Sea anemone and clown fish

40. Commensalism • One benefit where other is unaffected; +/0 Cow and egret (bird)

41. Parasitism • One benefit while the other is harmed • Host and parasite (Dog and Tick)

42. Predator and prey • Predator- hunts for food • Prey-the organism being hunted

43. http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle BIOGEOCHEMICALCYCLES3-3

44. http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed. Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

45. 4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

46. CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

47. 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE atmosphere • In ____________ as CO2 gas • In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas • On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil • __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks ocean land Underground CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

48. Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Volcanic activity • ________________ • ______________ • _________________ • ____________ of dead organisms Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

49. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? BUILDING BLOCKS Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

50. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg