Can you guess the focus of our new topic?

1. Can you guess the focus of our new topic? Who? What? Where? When? Why? What is this cartoonist’s attitude towards his subjects? Using the idea of origin, purpose, value, limitation - what is the message of this cartoon?

2. Was Britain a Power in Decline by 1900? There are four areas historians have focused on as being symptoms of the ‘Long Depression: Diplomatic Isolation Economic Performance Condition of working classes Boer War (Imperial challenge)

3. The ‘Great Depression’? Depression Make notes on economic performance and social issues facing Britain at the turn of the century. • How serious were the problems? For who?

4. bad weather = depression?! The Golden Age of Farming came to an abrupt end in 1870. Factory workers and people that lived in towns probably did not notice what was happening in the farming community. They would only have been aware of a cheap and plentiful supply of food in the shops. They might have also mentioned that the weather had been a bit wet as well. The most likely response from an average town worker during the 1870s would have been a shrug of his shoulders and a total lack of concern as long as there was food at prices that he could afford. Farmers were worried though. The weather was especially bad in 1879 and there had been a large number of bad harvests during the 1870s. The problem was so bad that suffering landowners asked Parliament to set up a number of Royal Commissions to look into the state of agriculture in 1879. There were more problems that just the weather!!! These Royal Commissions showed that there were a lot of factors that sent British farming into it’s worst ever depression.

5. For British farmers the years 1870 – 1900 became known as the ‘great depression’. From 1875 there were seven years of cold, wet weather and farmers had smaller crops to send to market. As the weather grew worse in Great Britain farmers earned less and began to neglect their ditches, fences and buildings. Some were able to survive by paying lower rents. Other farmers just gave up altogether. This brought hardship to many farmers in Great Britain, a situation made worse by competition from abroad. Competition from Abroad The most important factor in the ‘great depression’ was competition from abroad. British farmers were confident that they could compete against European imports. However by the 1870s, farmers in the USA and Canada also began to export their grain to Britain at a price which no farmers could match. This became possible because American farmers were very efficient. American wheat was taken to ports and then transported by steamship when they realised that there was a good market in Great Britain. They then cut their costs by using more machinery, larger warehouses and bigger ships. This meant that the cost of American grain went from 11/- a quarter in 1870 to 3/- in 1900.

6. British farmers had small fields (even after enclosure) and British landscape was hilly and less suitable for machinery The Prairies of North America were flat, fertile plains. Fields were was greater use of machinery. Competition from abroad British fields were surrounded by hedges, whereas American farmers used barbed wire – which was easier and cheaper to put up and maintain. In 1874, 80 percent of American grain was harvested by machine compared to 47 percent in Great Britain.

7. Economic Performance: was it depressed? The key to understanding this is that even if industries weren’t declining, people perceived they were at the time. • Industry - • Agriculture • International Trade

8. Was Britain a Power in Decline by 1900? ‘The Heaving Masses’ Was poverty exacerbated by the depression? What did the Government do about the problems we have mentioned? How successful were they? Unionism = Can refer to Home Rule in Ireland or the Unionist Party (some Liberals and Conservatives)

9. Symptoms of Decline? Economic Depression Performance of Other Countries Trade Gap Condition of the Working Classes Poor Quality Education Cures? Education Act Create a Road Map of Britain in 1906 Limitations? Free Trade vs. Protection Self-Improvement or Social Reforms

10. Was Britain a Power in Decline by 1900? The Agricultural Question Settled. Prime Minister. “'I'm very sorry, my good man, but I can do nothing for you.' How helpful is this picture for telling you about attitudes towards the Unionist Governments during the 1890s?

11. How did New Imperialism affect politics in Britain? Author: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1865) Gunga Din Who? What? Where? When? Why? What is this poet’s attitude towards Empire? Now in India’s sunny clime, Where I used to spend my time Aservin‘ of 'Er Majesty the Queen. Of all them blackfaced crew The finest man I knew Was our regimental bhisti, Gunga Din. So I'll meet him later on At the place where 'e is gone Where it's always double drill and no canteen 'E'll be squatin' on the coals Givin' drink to poor damned souls, An' I'll get a swig in Hell from Gunga Din! Though I've belted you and flayed you, By the livin' Gawd that made you, Your a better man than I am Gunga Din!

12. How did New Imperialism affect the politics in Britain? Boer War 1899-1902 Declaration of War The Vision for Africa The First Boer War Initial Setbacks The Jameson Raid British Victory Impact of the War

13. How did New Imperialism affect politics in Britain? Boer War 1899-1901 Make notes from pages 15-19 under the headings on your work sheet Sort your cards out into CAUSES and EFFECTS and stick them into two columns

15. How did New Imperialism affect politics in Britain? Authors like Sir Rudyard Kipling (1903) White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man’s Burden Send forth the best ye breed. Go bind your sons to exile, To serve your captive’s needs; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Who created it? What is it about? Where is this situated? When did they create it? Why did they create it? Therefore what is this poet’s attitude towards Empire?

16. What does this table show about the political parties 1886-1906? Describe what you see

17. Joseph Chamberlain Background / Early Life Political Views / Party Affiliation Successes Failures Why were these two men so significant to the political scene 1890-1903? Lord Robert Cecil Salisbury

18. Lord Salisbury became leader of the Conservatives in the Lords on Disraeli's death in 1881 and then overall party leader when Queen Victoria asked him to be Prime Minister in 1885. Remained Conservative leader to 1902. For most of thetime he was both Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary his great love in politics was managing foreign affairs Joseph Chamberlain Had been a Radical minister in Gladstone's Cabinet Put forward a social reform program in 1885. Most prominent leader of the Liberal left-wingers, but resigned from Gladstone's government in 1886 and opposed Irish Home Rule. After this, generally voted with the Conservatives. Had a passionate belief in expanding the empire and joined Salisbury's government as Colonial Secretary in 1895.

19. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? What is the message of this cartoon? What can it reveal about Unionist decline? “Through the Birmingham Looking Glass”, Westminster Gazette 6th October 1903.

20. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? Conservatives and Unionists When the Liberals split over Irish Home Rule in 1886, those who opposed it were called Liberal Unionists because they favoured keeping the full union between Ireland and Great Britain. They worked with the Conservatives, and Liberal Unionist leaders joined the Conservative government in 1895. The Conservatives and Liberal Unionists were then closely bound together, but a separate Liberal Unionist party organisation continued until 1911 when it was amalgamated with the Conservatives to form a united party. As the Conservatives and their Liberal allies were united by their attachment to the union, the two groups sometimes just called themselves plain Unionists both before and after the merger.

21. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? • Divide a page in two vertically. On the left of the page briefly list the reasons for the Conservatives' success in 1886-1902 under these headings: • splits in the Liberal Party • effectiveness in government • party organisation • appeal of imperialism. • Leave space on the right to explain how the Conservatives lost these advantages by 1906. • How important were the Liberal Unionists to Conservative success 1886-1900?

22. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? The Khaki Election 1900 In 1900 there was an additional factor: the Boer War. Salisbury asked the Queen to call a general election in October 1900 after the British had defeated the main Boer armies in southern Africa. Although Britain was still at war, it was believed, mistakenly, that the fighting would soon end. The election contest is generally known as the 'khaki' election, suggesting that the government used the army's success for party advantage.

23. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? Boer war Balfour’s limitations as a leader imperialism Chinese slavery Failure to develop Social reform imperialism Tariff Reform Alienation / Divisions TASKS: Page 20 Make notes under these headings on the stickers provided. Arrange them in a diagram to show why the Unionists declined.

24. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? Balfour’s limitations as a leader Boer war Joe’s War put imperialism in a bad light. Empire building had become unpopular. imperialism Chinese slavery Scandal where Chinese immigrant workers suffering in South Africa. Unionists blamed because of Boer War. Failure to develop Social reform Education Act 1902, created new structure for providing education – rate payers were annoyed as they no longer had a choice of non-conformist schools. 70000 people were prosecuted for non-payment. Workmen’s Compensation Act 1897 – limited. imperialism Tariff Reform Alienation / Divisions Chamberlain resigned, Churchill defected. Groups divided over Tariff Reform. Not campaigning on popular issues like social reform. TASKS: Page 20 Make notes under these headings on the stickers provided. Arrange them in a diagram to show why the Unionists declined.

25. Look at the sources in front of you… Compare Sources A and B for evidence that the Unionists were badly damaged politically after the Boer War. • Consistency – are the sources consistent with each other? Other sources you’ve seen? Agreement- how far do the sources agree with each other? Disagreement- how far do the sources disagree with each other? • Authenticity–(is it credible? Does it seem like a truthful account of what was going on? Does it reflect attitudes of the time) • Completeness – do they reveal the ‘whole picture’ – need contextual knowledge here! • Typicality – are these typical (widely held) views that are represented or a minority? • Usefulness– is this source helping you to answer the question – if it is authentic/ consistent/fairly complete then chances are it will be useful for something! This is an example of an (a) question worth 30 marks.

26. Compare these sources for evidence of the view that the Unionists were badly damaged by the Boer War politically. (30 marks) This cartoon appeared in a newspaper in 1900 Questions to ask yourself: Who are the men striding into the water? Who/ what is still standing on the shore? What has been ‘washed up’ on the beach? What is the ‘ray of light’ shrouded by a dark figure? What is the artists’ message overall then?

27. Compare these sources for evidence of the view that the Unionists were badly damaged by the Boer War politically. (30 marks) Questions to ask yourself: What is this man (‘fat cat’) standing in front of? How does this link to Boer War? What is the artists message overall then? What is the light on his belt to symbolise? This cartoon shows a Transvaal Gold Mine, owner in the foreground in the background. IN the background are Chinese coolies working behind barbed wire. Punch, 1903

28. B A Compare these sources for evidence of the view that the Unionists were badly damaged by the Boer War politically. (30 marks)

29. Compare these sources for evidence of the view that the Unionists were badly damaged by the Boer War politically. (30 marks) Step 1: Work out what source A tells us about attitudes towards the Unionists Step 2: Work out what source B tells us about attitudes towards the Unionists Step 3: Make a brief note of any similarities and differences between what B and A say ready to compare them in the answer Step 4: Write your answer but structure it into themes/ideas, rather than “source A suggests this……source B say this…….” Instead write it like this: Source A suggests many different ideas about the Unionists after the Boer War. One attitude is…….….. I can tell this because………….. Source…..agrees with this because it says………. Also, source….. agrees with source A’s suggestion that………. The evidence for this similarity can be seen in the source when it says……………. (add contextual knowledge where possible) However, the sources to do not completely agree with each other. Source A implies……..but source… disagrees when it suggests……This could be because….(discuss provenance-i.e who created it/ why / when) Source A is useful for looking at how the Unionists were viewed politically after the war because…. (what it can reveal to you) However source B can throw a different light on this because it can reveal…… Overall, source B ……… supports the idea that the Unionists were badly damaged by the war shown in source A. partly completely in some ways identical parallel varies diverse unusual rarely common frequent odd familiar regular

30. Compare these sources for evidence of the view that the Unionists were badly damaged by the Boer War politically. (30 marks) Step 1: Work out what source A tells us about attitudes towards the Unionists Step 2: Work out what source B tells us about attitudes towards the Unionists Step 3: Make a brief note of any similarities and differences between what B and A say ready to compare them in the answer Step 4: Write your answer but structure it into themes/ideas, rather than “source A suggests this……source B say this…….” Instead write it like this: Source A suggests many different ideas about the Unionists after the Boer War. One attitude is…….….. I can tell this because………….. Source…..agrees with this because it says………. Also, source….. agrees with source A’s suggestion that………. The evidence for this similarity can be seen in the source when it says……………. (add contextual knowledge where possible) However, the sources to do not completely agree with each other. Source A implies……..but source… disagrees when it suggests……This could be because….(discuss provenance-i.e who created it/ why / when) Source A is useful for looking at how the Unionists were viewed politically after the war because…. (what it can reveal to you) However source B can throw a different light on this because it can reveal…… Overall, source B ……… supports the idea that the Unionists were badly damaged by the war shown in source A. No set answer is expected, but candidates need to compare the contents, evaluating such matters as authorship, dating, utility and reliability, so using the Sources ‘as evidence for …’. The headings and attributions should aid evaluation and reference to both is expected in a good answer.

31. How foolish was Balfour in underestimating the Liberal leadership question? 1868-75 William Gladstone 1875-80 Lord Hartington 1880-94 William Gladstone 1894-6 Lord Rosebery 1896-8 Sir William Harcourt 1898-1906 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman

32. How foolish was Balfour in underestimating the Liberal leadership question? Cut out these cards and order them in terms of the men most likely to succeed Gladstone. Note down your criteria. Herbert Henry Asquith Asquith was fairly radical, prominent barrister who was a gifted liberal. He had married into an aristocratic family had given him useful social connections. He came from Yorkshire rather than the Home Counties and from a Non-conformist background which made him popular with the radicals. Asquith had an expensive wife could not afford to give up his high earnings as a barrister for full-time political activity unless he had the cushion of a ministerial salary and expenses. Lord Rosebery He was a intellectually brilliant and an expert on foreign policy. He had been foreign secretary under Gladstone, succeeded him as PM in 1894. He was 47. After the election victory of the Conservatives (Unionists) 1895 he became less active in his debates in the House of Lords. As a peer, he was not much favoured by the radical wing of the party in the House of Commons. Sir William Harcourt Had been Gladstone’s Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a veteran politician, 67yrs old in 1894, and very experiences. His views were in lines with Gladstone’s, was widely respected as a formidable performer in HofC. Harcourt disliked party intrigues. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman He was, next to Harcourt, the oldest and most experienced of the Liberal leaders. He was Gladstone’s Secretary of State for War and had been Irish Secretary. He was a liberal who had become more radical as he had grown older. Sir Edward Grey Grey was younger than Asquith (32 yrs old). He had been Rosebery’s second in command at the Foreign Office and, with the Foreign Secretary in the House of Lords, had had to take the lead on foreign policy matters on behalf of the government in the House of Commons.

33. Why did the Unionists decline as a political force 1902-1906? What is the message of this cartoon? What can it reveal about Unionist decline? “Through the Birmingham Looking Glass”, Westminster Gazette 6th October 1903.