TEST # 1

1. TEST # 1 • Either 26 or 28 March 2019 (after break) • Includes “Music of India” (chapter 6) • Includes “Music of Middle East” (chapter 10) • Written only (no listening) • All “India” PowerPoints & review sheet posted • “Middle East” PowerPoints complete by next week, with review sheet

2. Titon – Chapter 10 The Arab World(cont’d – last day?)

3. TAKHT • Traditional M.E. Instrumental Ensemble • Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan • Ud, Buzuq, Violin – Chordophones (lutes) • Qanun – Chordophone (box zither) • Nay – Aerophone (reed flute) • Riqq – Membranophone (hand drum/tambourine) • Ex. Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble • Ex. Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble

4. Taqasim (Solo Improvisation) • Al-Bustan Arab Music Concert Series: A. J. Racy - A Bientot! (full ensemble – NOT improvisation) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble - Qanun Taqasim / تقاسيم قانون (solo zither – qanun) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble - Taqasim Nay / تقاسيم ناي (solo flute – nay) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble Oud Taqasim تقسيم عود نشوان فاضل (solo lute – oud)

5. Tuning Systems • Based on small melodic and scalar ideas • Intervals include “microtones”- smaller than ½ steps- “half sharp” and “half flat” (not quite so) • Ajnas – 3-5 note collection (stepwise) • Ajnas (Wikipedia: “Arabic maqam”) • Grouped into “scale families” • Maqams – modes (based on ajnas) • Maqam World (detailed explanations)

6. Persian Ensemble • Persian Ensemble (compare to Arab) • Similar mix of Chordophones, Aerophone, and Membranophone (w/ vocalist) • Instruments favored in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. (further EAST) • One musical line , but NOT monophonic • Heterophonic – same musical line, but ORNAMENTED and varied

7. TAR Sound Example: Tar solo classical Persian Music

8. SEHTAR Sound Example: AFSHAR - Siamak Nasr - Setar

9. Iranian NEY Sound Example:Persian NEY

10. SANTOUR Sound Example: Persian Santur - Chaharmezrab Nava

11. KAMANCHEH Sound Example: YouTube - Iranian Traditional Kamancheh Performance

12. DOMBAKor ZARB Sound Example 1: YouTube - persian drum Sound Example 2:YouTube - Persian drum (Rag-bar) farhad bazargan Sound Example 3:YouTube - Persian Tonbak (Zarb) Solo Sound Example 4: YouTube - Kevan Chemirani Zarb Solo

13. PERSIANTheoretical Terms to Know • Radif – collection of all short pieces in a player’s repertoire (about 300) • Dastgah – tunings, similar to scale (12 in all) • Gusheh – smallest musical ideas (about 300) that make up the Radif • Daramad – alternate name for first few important melodic ideas (gives the Dastgah its name)

14. The RADIF GushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGushehGusheh About 300 individual small pieces of music (ideas, motives, “licks”)

15. RADIF organized by DASTGAH • Shur (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Abu ata (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Dashti (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc. ) • Baydt-e tork (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Afshari (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Segah (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Chahargah (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Homayum (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Baydt-e esfahdin (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Nava (Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Mahur(Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Rast(Daramad 1, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, gusheh, etc.) • Similar to Scales / Modes / Tunings in Western Music theory

16. Explanation of Dastgah tunings(handout)

17. IMPROVISATION • Taqsim (or Taqasim) – non-metrical, based on modes: called Dastgah [Iran and further east]) or Maqam [Syria, Egypt, etc. – M.E.] • Generally part of larger set of pieces • Emphasis on the melodic figures (gusheh) of mode • Most acceptable form of instrumental performance • Amateur status and knowledge of theory admired • Professionals have lower status (because they have less freedom – play what they are hired to do)

18. AN IRANIAN “CLASSICAL” CONCERT • Pishdaramad – “before the introduction” • Chahar Mezrab – “four hammers” (“flying hammers”) • Avaz – (improvised) showpiece of concert • Tasnif – (strophic) song(s) • Reng – dance piece(s) • NB. all organized around same DASTGAH (when played on the same concert)

19. Examples of the Individual Parts of Iranian Classical Concerts • Pishdaramad:Pish daramad Homayoun (intro.) • Chahar Mezrab:YouTube - Osqueezadeh plays chahargah in Tahran (“flying hammers”) • Avaz: YouTube - Masters of Persian Music - Saz va Avaz (Nahoft) AND Sahba Motallebi Improvisation in AVAZ DASHTI (unmetered improvisation) • Tasnif: Tasnif "Hanuz". Hosein Nourshargh & Group "Ghamar", Moscow 2012 (song) • Reng: Reng Dashi - Persian dance by Mandira (dance)

20. Some Persian Concerts • Amazing Persian Music • Shajarian Live - Iranian Traditional Music • Classical music from Iran - Kayhan Kalhor & Ali Bahrami Fard • Persian Classical Music: A trio in Mahur • Kurdish Traditional And Folk Music Concert - Sarang Seyifizadeh • Iranian Traditional Music Group.mov

21. “Tarab” • Audience response to (good) performance • “ecstasy” / “enchantment” / “trance”- see: "Middle Eastern Music" : Tarab • Not just a physical response (cf. Western beat) • Spiritual / Inspirational • Based in Understanding / Knowledge of Music- historic & cultural • Active connection w/ performer in concert- approval & encouragement

22. “Majles”(Private Performance) • Similar organization to Public Concert • Emphasis on Improvisation • Free rhythm more than metrically structured • Music as an intellectual pastime • Object of education/edification • Not for sensual pleasure • Ex. Setar Improvisation on Hejaz • Ex. Setar Improvisation on Bayat-e-Esfahan • Ex. Oud Improvisation on Maqam Rast

23. History Extends back to Sumer (c. 2000 BCE)- highly developed w/ notation, etc. Traditional musics throughout Middle East- names of modes suggest local styles, tunes Post Islam (CE 622)- development of art music at courts- theoretical & philosophical treatises Impact of neighboring cultures- Islamic settlers in Europe and East Asia- instruments and attitudes exported

24. Music as History / Cultural Memory Mesopotamia / “Fertile Crescent”(c. 3000 BCE and earlier!)

25. Ancient Mesopotamia • Earliest literate culture (able to write) • “Cradle of Civilization (= cities!) • Written descriptions of music - scales (theoretical) - instruments (described and ICONS) - songs (mostly texts) • Oud, lyres, harps, etc. (fragments of pipes?) • No sound (nothing notated)

26. Hurrian Hymn • 1400 BCE • North Syria (Ugarit) • Hymn to gods • Text above double line • Describes instrument- 9-string lyre- specific tuning to use • Oldest surviving music in the World!

27. Medieval Arab World • Post Muhammed (and founding of Islam) • Quran and Haddiths (7th century CE) • Translations of Greek Antiquity - made in 9th century CE - Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, etc. - scientific (tunings, etc.) - Philosophical (uses of music, etc.) • Latin Quadriviuum (arithmetic, geometry, MUSIC, astronomy)

28. Ali ibn al-Husayn ul-Iṣfahānī • 10th Century (897-967 CE) • Persian Historian/Scholar • Collector of Song texts • Kitab al-Aghani(The Book of Songs) • 20 volumes over 50 years! • Decorative cover of later copy (c. 1216-20)

29. Colonial / Modern Era • Post- Ottoman Empire (1386-1918) • European Observations / Influences / Prejudices • Modern Theory established (after Euro models) • Ajnas – Maqam (Western ME) - Arab • Gusheeh – Dastgah (Eastern ME) – Persia • “ ½ flat” & “½ sharp” – European mindset(what’s “wrong” with this note?) • Congress of Arab Music (1932 Egypt)