America’s History , 8 th Edition, Chapter 6 Review

1. Mr. Gagne Presents… An www.Apushreview.com production Making War and Republican Governments 1776 – 1789 America’s History, 8th Edition,Chapter 6 Review Check out the description for videos that match up with the new curriculum.

2. Strengths and Weaknesses of Opposing Sides – Great Britain *** Note that these notes are NOT from your textbook *** Strengths • Population (7.5 million to 2.5 million colonists) • Monetary wealth • Naval forces – strongest in the world • Professional and experienced army armed with 6' muskets with bayonets attached • 50,000 British • 30,000 Hessians • 30, 000 American Loyalists Weaknesses • Unrest in Ireland drew attention as well • British government inept and confused, led by King George III and Lord North • Lack of united British desire to crush American cousins. Whigs cheered American victories. • Military difficulties • Second-rate generals • Brutal treatment of soldiers (one lashed 800 times for striking an officer) • Inadequate, poor provisions (old, rancid, wormy). Undernourished • Need for clear victory. A draw would be a colonial victory. • Armies were 3000 miles from home. Orders took months to reach the front. • Vast colonial territory (1000 by 600 miles) to subdue. No urban nerve center to conquer.

3. Strengths and Weaknesses of Opposing Sides – American Colonies *** Note that these notes are NOT from your textbook *** Strengths • Outstanding leadership • Military--Washington • Diplomatic--Franklin • Europeanimports--Lafayette, Kosciuzko, Von Steuben • Colonists fighting defensively • Self-sustaining agricultural base • Colonists were better marksmen (Americans accurate at 200 yds.) • Moral advantage. Americans were supporting a just cause with a positive goal. Weaknesses • Colonies were badly organized, disunited for war. • Continental Congress debated, but took little action and exercised less leadership • Could not agree on taxes so money for the military effort was unreliable • No written constitution (Articles of Confederation) not adopted until 1781. • Colonies were jealous of Congress, each other's region • Economic difficulties • Little metallic currency available • Fearful of taxation, Congress issued virtually worthless Continental currency • Inflation led to increased prices, desertions from army. • Limited military supplies • Inadequate firearms and powder • Clothing and shoes scarce. At Valley Forge, 2800 men barefooted • American soldiers were numerous but unreliable • Profiteers used greed and speculation to weaken morale and aid the British

4. The Trials of War, 1776 - 1778 • War in the North: • Britain’s military vastly outnumbered the Patriots • Some Natives sided with the British • Victories at Saratoga 1777: • The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point • The Patriots won; as a result France sided with the rebellion and provided aid to the US (financial and military) • The Perils of War: • Women played an important role – created clothing, ran farms • Some women hoped to gain more rights (Abigail Adams) • Financial Crisis: • State currencies were highly inflated • Robert Morris (Chief Treasury) secured valuable aid from Holland and France • Valley Forge: • Baron von Steuben – former Prussian military officer, helped train the American army, giving it a discipline it was lacking before

5. The Path to Victory, 1778 - 1783 • The French Alliance: • France and US made an unusual alliance (Catholic monarchy) • France a constant enemy of Britain and usually ready to fight them • Ben Franklin played an important role in the Treaty of Alliance • America and France would ensure the independence of the U.S. • War in the South: • Spain fought against Britain in 1779 • Britain’s Southern Strategy: • The South contributed fewer individuals to war effort – fear of leaving slaves unattended • Philipsburg Proclamation – slaves that rebelled would gain protection and freedom from Great Britain – backfired as slaveowners sided with Rebellion • 5,000 African Americans (free and slave) fought for Patriot Cause • The Marquis de Lafayette – instrumental in gaining French troops to America • Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas: • Battle of Yorktown(1781) – last major battle of the war, Cornwallis surrenders

6. The Path to Victory, 1778 – 1783 (Cont.) • The Patriot Advantage: • French aid • “Home-field advantage” • Leadership – George Washington • Diplomatic Triumph: • Treaty of Paris (1783) • Britain recognized US independence • US gained all land east of Mississippi River • US fishing rights off Newfoundland • Britain could pursue debts from individual Americans • Spain and France gained very little • France becomes severely in debt (thanks France!)

7. Creating Republican Institutions (1776 – 1787) Don’t forget about us John…. • The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? • Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution: • Unicameral legislature was created with total power (no governor) • Tempering Democracy: • Other states created bicameral legislatures • Most states were not truly democratic – only PA and VT • Women Seek a Public Voice: • Abigail Adams’ “Remember the Ladies” • Hoped to end customs and laws that oppressed women (married women could not own property, have contracts, etc.) • Only white men were full citizens in new government • This is one of many examples of women stepping up in U.S. history, only to lose most of the gains made after crisis passes. Stay tuned… • The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves: • Many loyalists suffered economically, others fled • Native Americans were pushed further west off their lands • Slaves did not gain freedom after the war

8. Creating Republican Institutions (1776 – 1787) • The Articles of Confederation 1781-1787: • Created a weak central government, states had a lot of power • Each state had one equal vote in the national government • In order to amend the Articles, unanimous approval was required • The federal government could: make treaties, borrow money, ask for tax $ • Continuing Fiscal Crisis: • The US was in debt from war, began to sell off western land to individuals • The Northwest Ordinance (one of few achievements under AoC): • Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory • $ from 1 out of 36 square miles that were sold would go towards education • Territories could apply for statehood when they reached 60,000 people • Shays’ Rebellion: • MA state legislature increased taxes • Many farms were foreclosed • Former Rev. War vet, Daniel Shays led a rebellion • Demonstrated the weakness of the government under the Articles • Helped many recognize the need for a new government

9. The Constitution of 1787 • The Rise of a Nationalist Faction: • Sectional differences emerged: northerners tended to favor tariffs, southerners did not • The Philadelphia Convention: • 55 delegates, mostly wealthy and upper-class, all white, all male • Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were NOT in attendance • Representation – the VA and NJ Plans: • VA Plan – proposed a bicameral legislature where representation in Congress was to be based on population • NJ Plan – favored smaller states, representation would be equal for each state • The Great Compromise – the CT Plan: • Combined elements of both VA and NJ plans • Created bicameral legislature: lower house (Representatives) would be based on population and elected by the people, upper house (Senate) would have 2 per state and elected by state legislatures • Negotiations over Slavery: • 3/5 Compromise – 60% of slaves would count towards population for representation in Congress, advantage for the South • Also slave importation for 2o more years; would be ended by 1808. • National Authority: • Constitution is the “Supreme Law of the Land” • “Necessary and Proper” (Elastic) clause increases power of Congress

10. The Constitution of 1787 (Cont.) • The People Debate Ratification: • Constitution would take effect when 9 out of 13 states ratified it • Emergence of two groups: • Federalists – favored ratification • Anti-federalists – weary of ratification • The Antifederalists: • Feared centralized power at states’ expense • Criticized the lack of a bill of rights • Federalists Respond: • The Federalist Papers (Jay, Madison, and Hamilton) • 85 essays written to promote the Constitution • Federalist 10 discussed factions • The Constitution Ratified: • Typically, people in the backcountry were Antifederalists, easterners were Federalists • With the promise of the Bill of Rights, many Antifederalists ratified the Constitution

11. Quick Recap • Battle of Saratoga – turning point • Foreign assistance (Spain, Holland, France) • Women, Natives, and African-Americans did not gain rights after the Rev. War • Shays’ Rebellion • Articles of Confederation - +’s and –’s • Northwest Land Ordinance • NJ and VA Plans, and the Great and 3/5 Compromises • Federalists and Antifederalists