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Advanced C1 – C2

Advanced C1 – C2. Joining. Grammar Forces. Unit 7 – Presentation 1. What is the ‘Voice’ of a verb?. “a set of rules governing the formation of tenses so as to show who does sth or to whom sth is done”. How many Voices are there?.

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Advanced C1 – C2

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  1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

  2. Unit 7 – Presentation 1 • What is the ‘Voice’ of a verb? “a set of rules governing the formation of tenses so as to show who does sth or to whom sth is done” • How many Voices are there? Technically speaking, 2: the Active & the Passive Voices but there is also some kind of Middle Voice.

  3. What is important in each Voice? Active: the subject Passive: the action Middle: the fact that the action returns to its instigator

  4. Formation & Analysis of VoicesPresentation 2

  5. How is the Active Voice formed? It’s the basic English syntax (SVO) & the normal formation & use of the verb tenses.

  6. How is the Passive Voice formed? be + past participle & then following 4 steps to turn an active sentence into a passive one.

  7. What are the 4 steps that change an Active sentence into a Passive one? • The object of the Active Sentence (AS) becomes the subject in the Passive Sentence (PS) • The verb ‘be’ is conjugated in the tense of the AS • The main AS verb becomes a past participle • If need be, the AS subject becomes the PS agent (by …)

  8. What are some presuppositions about the Passive Voice? • Only transitive verbs can be passive. • Some transitive verbs may not be changeable. • Some usually intransitive verbs can change if used as dependent (on a preposition). • There are only 2 Continuous Tenses in the Passive.

  9. Passive Voice presuppositions (cont’d) • The agent may be redundant because it is i) too general, ii) unknown, iii) easily understood. • English PV verbs may not always translate (well) into Greek. • If the AV verb is a Double-object one, we have two possible transformations. • The verbs that do not form a PS from their person-object are transformed by means of the Auxiliary Passive Form.

  10. A special case in the Passive Voice When the AS object is a ‘that’ clause and not a noun, we have 2 possible transformations: • an impersonal construction (it is said that …) & • a personal one (sb/ sth is said to …)

  11. The Auxiliary Passive Form have sth done is the same as the Causative form of the verb but when used as a Passive form it implies that the subject has sth done to him/ her rather than for him/ her.

  12. The Causative Form of the verb Can also have get/ need/ want/ would like/ etc and shows ‘causality’, i.e. the subject causes the action but do not do it themselves.

  13. Other Causal Uses of ‘Have’ & ‘Get’ have sb do sth & get sb to do sth

  14. Various Notes on the Passive Voice • Careful with Questions in Passive Voice • In informal usage, use ‘get’ instead of ‘be’ • The Passive is more formal than the Active • To turn a PS into an AS, use the 4 steps in reverse order

  15. The Middle VoicePresentation 3

  16. What do we know about the Middle Voice from Unit 2? • It does not exist in English as a tense formation. • Some verbs contain a ‘reflexive’ meaning in themselves & some others can be made to through the use of the Reflexive Pronouns.

  17. Some verbs change meaning with the ‘–self’ pronouns!

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