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GRAPHITE

GRAPHITE. Sait UYSAL Mining Professional Turkey www.saituysal.com.tr. What is Graphite?.

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GRAPHITE

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  1. GRAPHITE Sait UYSAL Mining Professional Turkey www.saituysal.com.tr

  2. What is Graphite? • Graphite is a natural form of carbon with the chemical formula C and is characterized by its hexagonal crystalline structure. It occurs naturally in metamorphic rocks such as marble, schist and gneiss

  3. Graphite at A Glance • The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, andpure form of carbon. • Allotropes of carbonare; - Graphite - Diamond - Coal • Graphite is; - ExcellentHEATconductor - ExcellentELECTRICITYconductor - Heatresistant (Melting Point 3927 C°) - ChemicalandCorrosionresistant - Resistant to acids and oxidisingagents - Lubricating

  4. Types of Graphite

  5. Applications ByGraphiteType

  6. Natural GraphiteConsumption

  7. Why Graphite is; Hot Critical Strategic?

  8. 1. SupplySide Problem • China Producing 80% of world natural graphite • China has a 20% export duty and 17% VATongraphite, • Factories is closed in Hunan Province, creating a government-sponsored monopoly on amorphous graphite resources • Other Countries: Brazil, North Korea, Canada, Norway, Mexico, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Madagascar

  9. 2. High Price

  10. 3. Raw Material Security – Critical Materials

  11. EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China • recycling is very limited

  12. BGS IndustrialMinerals Risk List 2012

  13. 4. GrowingDemandandTechnology • 3-5% Annualgrowth rate of Traditionaldemand • Discovery of Graphene • Lithium-ion batteries&Fuel cells –EV, E-Bike, HEV • Nucleartechnology – PebbleBedReactors • Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner) • Solar Energy • IndustrializationandUrbanization of China, Indiaandemergingeconomies

  14. Li-ionBatteries – FuelCells • The growth of electric cars, bikes and scooters, all rely on Li-ion batteries and fuel cells • 10 times more graphite than Li (by weight) to make Li ion batteries • In an electric car battery 1.8 kg graphite /per kilowatt hour (KWh) needed. For an EV 30-50 Kg natural graphite is used for battery

  15. Source:Byron Capital

  16. Risks ??? • Price Risks; What if China increase production? Prices is Today prices if you have a product to sell today you can benefit it • Graphene; 5 to 10 year needed for commercial production • Projects; in the Pipeline are Flake Graphite, Amorphous Graphite??? • Demand; current demand coming from traditional uses, demand of new technologies could be over estimated • Sensitive Projects; Not all of the projects will end up becoming mines, High production costs, high grade aimed. Environmental problems of high grade production. 70% loss of high grade processes, equity sharing projects

  17. Risks ??? • EV – Li-ionBatteries; Expensive, not userfriendly, it needs time EV marketsare; Japan, USA, EU – Developedcountries. Recyclingcould be possible

  18. Graphite in Turkey • Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type. • A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities. • Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite

  19. Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey

  20. Production in Turkey 1985-1999 www.saituysal.com.tr

  21. Production in Turkey 2003-2009 www.saituysal.com.tr

  22. Conclusion • Graphitedemandwillincreaseeventherecould be somepricefluctuations • Whichevercompanymovesaheadthequickestwill do thebest • New applicationsandtechnologywilldrivethedemand but willtake time • Lowcostprojectsareimportant • Turkey has undiscovered, undevelopedpotentialandlowcostproductionopportunites, andEuropean market is nextto it

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