Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection I. Introduction

1. Nanotechnology andEnvironmental ProtectionI. Introduction Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A. Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2 1Department of Environmental Engineering 2Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health National Chung Hsing University 9/16/2008

2. Outline • Instructor’s background • Course overview and grading policy • Overview of this course • Grading policy • Textbook and references • Introduction of Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection

3. Instructor’sbackground • Ph.D., Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, U.S.A. (Ranked at the 3rd place in 2008) • Award • Government Scholarship: Sole grantee in Environmental Engineering in year 2000. • Professional qualification • PE, Environmental Engineering (1989) • PE, Industrial Safety Engineering(1997) • CPA, ISO 14000 (1996, Naville & Clark) • CPA, ISO 9000 (1997, Mercedes-Benz) • Professional Expertise • Environmental microbiology and nanobiotechnology(8 years) • Bioremediationof contaminated soils and groundwater (6 years) • Integrated quality, environmental, safety, and health management ( 5 year)

4. Dissertational Research • Rapid detection and enumeration of mycobacteria in metalworking fluids: technology development and validation • Tools • Flow cytometry • Fluorescent antibody and nucleic acid dyes • Functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (dia. 25 nm and 60 nm) • Statistical data analysis • Contributions • Shortened assay time by more than 95% • Single colony-forming-unit sensitivity • ~98% specificity • Good correlation over 4 orders of magnitude • Can effectively reduce health hazards and environmental burdens

5. Extended Research • Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes • Nano-emulsion: novel industrial fluid formulations • Flow-Genomics™: an ultrasensitive and high-throughput single molecule detection platform • Instantaneous characterization of microbial ecosystems:rapid identification of structural and functional roles of numerous microorganisms in a microbial ecosystem Award: Ms. Hsin-Yue Chen won the “Outstanding Research Award” granted by NSC, Taiwan.

6. Others • University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES) • Soil, blood, dust, and questionnaire • Data analysis • Modeling • Pattern analysis • Exposure pathway modeling • Flow GenomicsTM • Microbial fuel cell • Environmental impact of nano-materials (EINM)

7. Bioremediation experience • Expert system programmer (Bioremediation Advisor) • Investigation • Soil sampling and analysis • Groundwater sampling and analysis • Soil gas sampling and analysis • Remediation • Off-site remediation • On-site remediation • In-situ remediation (pioneered the in-situ air sparging bioremediation in Taiwan) • Technology transfer • Speaker for a session on in-situ bioremediation technology transfer to Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan

8. Expert system illustration Original fact pool 1 Rule base or knowledge base Evolved Rule base or knowledge base 1 Evolved fact pool 1 Evolved fact pool 2 Evolved fact pool 3 Evolved fact pool n

9. Contaminated site

10. Drilling and sampling

11. Pilot study

12. Current Research • Applications of nanoemulsions • Bioremediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated sites • Sustainable industrial fluid • Growth enhancer • Magnetite nanoparticle synthesis for arsenic removal • Environmental microfluidics • Single cell packaging • High throughput genomic study platform

13. Overview of this course (1) • Teaching goals • To gain basic understanding of nanotechnology. • To review the technical areas of environmental protection • To learn the current applications to environmental engineering and energy engineering • To be familiar with the possible environmental impacts due to nanomaterials

14. Overview of this course (2) • Main topics • Short history of nanotechnology • Basic rules about the nano-world • Fabrication and characterization of nanomaterials • Nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes • Nano-Sensors • Ecological impacts of nanomaterials • Nanotechnology application to remediation, adsorption, and membrane processes • Micro- and nano-fluidics

15. Overview of this course (3) • Style • Fact and engineering oriented • Understanding first, memorization second • Quantification and calculation is necessary • Group learning and communication • A short group oral presentation • A group term project and presentation

16. Grading policy • All lectures, assignments and exams will be in English. Short oral presentation has to be in English. However, questions, term paper, and homework are allowed to be finished in either Chinese or English. • Homework will be handed out probably every three weeks and a term paper will be assigned to each group of students, usually 3 students in a group. Each group will also give a short presentation apart from the term project presentation. • Composition of final score • Homework assignments: 10%, zero score for late submission. • Short group oral presentation (15 minutes): 10% • Term paper (Research proposal) + presentation: 25%, 7 pages min and 10 pages max, not including references. Font in size 12 and double spaced. References should be no less than 7 citations. Preferably in English. • Midterm: 25% and Final: 25% • Participation: 5% • Best Proposal Award: extra credit 5 points. (highest score99)

17. Group learning and presentation • Why • Promotion of team spirit and interaction • Chance to investigate the topic you are most interested in environmental nanotechnology or environmental problems associated with nanomaterials • Getting familiar with the format of research proposal writing and oral presentation in an international symposium. • Environmental professionals need better communication skills than any other engineering disciplines

18. Schedule

19. Textbook and references • Textbook • Wiesner & Bottero, 2007. Environmental Nanotechnology. McGraw Hill Companies, New York, NY.(Not required) • References • Course pack (handouts) • Course slides (on-line available with password) • Current journal articles (on-line available through http://lib.nchu.edu.tw ) • For lecturing slides, please refer to http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/shucc

20. Office hours and others • Office hours: • Thursday: 12pm (noon) ~ 1pm • Other time: by appointment • Lab tour: electron microscope lab in NCHU (TBA)

21. Introduction to this course: “Nanotechnology andEnvironmental Protection” Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A. Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2 1Department of Environmental Engineering 2Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health National Chung Hsing University 9/16/2008

22. Outline • What is nanotechnology • What is environmental protection • The interface between nanotechnology and environmental protection • Environmental applications of nanotech • Environmental impacts of nanotech • A hands-on preparation on nanostructured surface • Summary

23. What is nanotehnology？ • Dimension < 100 nm • Dr. Feynman’s talk on nanotechnology • Dr. Drexler’s book: “Nanosystems” • Dr. Smalley’s Fullerene and Nano-energy

24. There’s plenty of room at the bottom • The beginning of nanotehnology: Dr. Feynman’s talk --“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” (12/29/1959 at Caltech) • Questions: • Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin? (write and read) • Physical way to chemical synthesis • Learn from and incorporate with biological entities http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

25. There’s plenty of room at the bottom • Other possibilities • Stored in 555 atoms as a bit as DNA stored one bit in about 50 atoms • Better electron microscope with resolution at <0.1nm to see single atom • Tiny robots to do what we want them to do • Making computer with line width at around 40nm. How about chemical vapor deposition (CVD)? • Lubrication of tiny cars as small as 0.5mm • Swallow the surgeon into your body • Nano mass production • Bottom-up synthesis -> LED light • Quantum dots?

26. There’s plenty of room at the bottom • Two high school prizes • $1,000 to the first guy who can take the information on the page of a book and put it on an area 1/25,000 smaller in linear scale in such manner that it can be read by an electron microscope. • another $1,000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor---a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64 inch cube. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

27. Overview (Cont’d) • Who is Dr. Feynman? • Awards • Noble Prize Winner in 1965 • Albert Einstein Award (1954, Princeton) • Lawrence Award (1962). • Distinguished achievements in Quantum Electrodynamics • His research question actually started from his undergraduate study in MIT. • Very good at making complex things simple and popularize science to common audience. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

28. Drexler’s Nanosystems • Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation • Contents • Preface • Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview • PART I. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES • Chapter 2. Classical Magnitudes and Scaling Laws • Chapter 3. Potential Energy Surfaces • Chapter 4. Molecular Dynamics • Chapter 5. Positional Uncertainty • Chapter 6. Transitions, Errors, and Damage • Chapter 7. Energy Dissipation • Chapter 8. Mechanosynthesis • PART II. COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS • Chapter 9. Nanoscale Structural Components • Chapter 10. Mobile Interfaces and Moving Parts • Chapter 11. Intermediate Subsystems • Chapter 12. Nanomechanical Computational Systems • Chapter 13. Molecular Sorting, Processing, and Assembly • Chapter 14. Molecular Manufacturing Systems • PART III. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES • Chapter 15. Macromolecular Engineering • Chapter 16. Paths to Molecular Manufacturing

29. Molecular machinery (1) • A pump selective for neon http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

30. Molecular machinery (2) • A Molecular Differential Gear Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

31. Molecular machinery (3) • A Fine-Motion Controller for Molecular Assembly Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).

32. Motion of bacterial flagellum

33. Dr. Smalley’s argument • The scientist first synthesized fullerene, C60. • Drexler's work on nanotechnology was criticized as naive by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley in a 2001 Scientific American article • Nobel laureate in 1996 • Died at 62 years old in 2005.

34. Growth of nanotechnology • Nanotech is selling • Intel is shipping <100 nm line-width CPU chips • Hard drives • LED-based traffic signals • CD players • Low-friction coating • A irritating news about C60

35. Growth of nanotechnology • Fear: this tech has been growing too fast. • Size matters • Surface atoms dominate • Optical behavior and chemical reactivity • NNI quadrupled its budget on nanotech since 2000. • Nanotech economy -> 1 trillion in 2012

36. Growth of nanotechnology • Repeat of asbestos nightmare • Environmental toxicity? • C60 may be very good solar cell substrate and may also convert oxygen and others into radicals • More and more evidences showed that nanomaterials do show high toxicity to some animals and human cells • Funding situation • Predictive models are not adequate • Labeling on products

37. Environmental protection • Environmental health as endpoint • Human health • Ecosystem health • Areas • Toxicology: human body • Surface water: waste water and drinking water • Air: dispersion and deposition • Soil: vadose zone • Groundwater: aquifer, saturated with water

38. Interface Air Surface water Nanotechnology Soil Groundwater

39. Environmental applications • Adsorption • Membrane processes • Groundwater remediation • Nanoenergy • Biosensors • Micro- and nano-fluidics • Nanoemulsion and nanosensor

40. Adsorption • Basic principles • Nanoparticles offer >100m2/g specific surface area • Superparamagnetism for magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS)

41. Membrane processes

42. Groundwater remediation • Zero valent iron • Biogenic iron oxide • Iron oxide synthesized in solution phase

43. Nanoenergy • Reactive oxygen species • Solar cells • Generate hydrogen from water by using nanoparticles • ROS production by fullerene

44. Biosensors • Thin film (monolayer) • Micro-cantilever • Magnetic nanoparticles • Quantum dots • Nanowire • Hydro-gel • Biofunctionalized nanoparticels • Components and total analysis system

45. Microscopes • Light microscope • Electron microscope www.icob.sinica.edu.tw/pubweb/facility.htm Image Courtesy: Scott Robinson, ITG - Beckman Institute

46. Nanoemulsion • Novel industrial fluids • Drug delivery • Nanoemulsion vaccine • Nanoemulsion on tumor cells • Cosmetics • Remediation • Heat conductor • Microreactor for nanomaterial synthesis

47. Novel industrial fluids • Hypothesis • Metastability • Ostwald ripening • Biodegradability at different ranges of droplet sizes • Size matters • Better stability -> longer shelf life • Low turbidity -> easier optical detection • Smaller size -> higher frequency of collision-> may also have higher fusion rate

48. Drug delivery

49. Nanoemulsion vaccine

50. Nanoemulsion on tumor cells