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Media. Lesson 3. Objectives. Objectives. Objectives. Objectives. How Cable Is Denoted. Ethernet cable types N<Signaling>–X N refers to the signaling rate in megabits per second <Signaling> stands for the signaling type—either baseband or broadband

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  1. Media Lesson 3

  2. Objectives

  3. Objectives

  4. Objectives

  5. Objectives

  6. How Cable Is Denoted • Ethernet cable types • N<Signaling>–X • N refers to the signaling rate in megabits per second • <Signaling> stands for the signaling type—either baseband or broadband • X is a unique identifier for a specific Ethernet cabling scheme • Example: 100Base-X

  7. Twisted Pair Cables • Twisted-pair cables consist of multiple individually insulated wires twisted together in pairs • Twisting minimizes signal interference, or crosstalk • Shielded twisted pair (STP) has metallic foil-like shield placed around wires • Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is twisted-pair cable without outer shielding

  8. Unshielded Twisted Pair • Why unshielded twisted-pair wire is preferred in modern Ethernet network configurations: • It is cheaper than other types of cabling. • It is easy to work with. • It allows transmission rates that were impossible 10 years ago.

  9. RJ Connectors • UTP uses registered jack (RJ) connectors • RJ-11 connects a phone to a phone jack • Used with UTP cable similar to Category 1 cable and uses two pairs (four wires) • RJ-22 used for handsets of older style telephones • RJ-45 is used in Ethernet data networks • Uses four pairs of wires (eight wires) • Usually associated with Category 3 or higher UTP wire

  10. RJ Connectors (Continued)

  11. Category Cabling • Number of twists and the direction the twists turn in a given meter of wire varies according to how much and what types of interference the twisted-pair wires are trying to minimize • Twisted-pair wire is rated using “categories” • CAT followed by a number • Common grades of twisted-pair wires used in LANs are CAT 5, CAT 5e, and CAT 6

  12. Standard Category Cabling Jack • Category cabling has standardized jacks that are used to connect it to wall jacks

  13. Common Categories of Twisted-pair Cables

  14. Unshielded Twisted-pair CAT 6 Cable

  15. TIA/EIA 568 Standards • TIA/EIA 568A and 568B • Ensure that all cables use the same color wires

  16. Types of Commonly Used Cables • Straight-through cable (568A) • Crossover cable (568B) • Rolled cable (rollover) • Hardware loopback

  17. Straight-through Cable (568A) • Connects devices with dissimilar functions • A host to a switch or hub • A router to a switch or hub • 4 pairs, or 8 wires, in cable • 2 pairs, or 4 wires, carry data • Wires 1, 2, 3, and 6 • Each pin connects directly to the pin of the same number on the other side of the connection

  18. Crossover Cable (568B) • Connects devices with similar functions • Same four wires used in a straight-through cable are used in a crossover cable but arranged differently • Crossover cables can connect: • Switch to switch • Hub to hub • Host to host • Hub to switch • Router direct to host

  19. Crossover Cable (568B) (Continued) • Used only in Ethernet UTP installations • Possible to connect two workstation NICs or a workstation and a server NIC directly with a crossover cable • T1 crossover cable • A specialized crossover cable used in T1 applications, commonly used in WAN networks

  20. Rolled Cable (Rollover) • Used to connect a host to a router’s console port • Router’s console port used by a WAN Engineer to program or configure a router • Switches have a similar port • Not used to connect Ethernet devices

  21. Hardware Loopback • A way to redirect data flow • May need a “live” network connection to test a computer or install software • Can use loopback to trick PC into seeing its own output as input • Use Loopback plug device • Loopback plug works similarly to a crossover cable except transmit pins are connected directly to the receive pins

  22. Shielded Twisted Pair • Looks like UTP cable but adds extra shielding around the wires in the cable • No longer in popular use

  23. Coaxial • Center conductor made of copper, surrounded by plastic jacket • Jacket has a braided metal shield • Shield covered by PVC or Teflon • Teflon-type covering frequently referred to as a plenum-rated coating • Does not release toxic gases if it catches on fire

  24. Coaxial Cable Specifications

  25. Thin Ethernet or Thinnet • A thin coaxial cable • 10Base-2 • 10 mbps data rates for up to 200 meters

  26. BNC Connectors • Used with Thinnet cables

  27. F-Connector • Coaxial cable connector • Commonly used in broadband and home video applications, such as cable television

  28. RG-59 • Coaxial cable is used for low-power video and audio transmission • Connects DVD to TV, for example • Can be used for data runs longer than 100 meters • UTP limited to 100-meter data runs

  29. RG-6 • Used for cable TV inside house as well as from the external drop point into the house • Also used in fast broadband Internet connections

  30. Broadband over Power Line (BPL) • IEEE 1901 standard • Standard power grid and power cables carry electricity and data • Uses same cabling as the power in a house • Not available in the United States • Useful for rural areas and third-world areas

  31. Serial • Serial means one bit after another is sent out onto the wire or fiber and interpreted by a network card or other type of interface on the other end • Each 1 or 0 is read separately and then combined with others to form data • Examples • Recommended Standard 232 (RS-232) • Universal Serial Bus (USB)

  32. Universal Serial Bus (USB) • Default built-in serial bus for most motherboards • USB can support up to 127 external devices • Connect a USB peripheral • To a USB port on the PC • To a USB hub that is then connected to a USB port on the PC

  33. USB Versions • 1.0 • Updated version 1.1 widely adopted • 2.0 • Known as high-speed USB • Maximum data rate of 480 mbps • Maximum cable length of 5 meters • 3.0 • Up to 4.8 gbps (gigabits per second) data transfers rate

  34. Plenum versus Non-Plenum • Plenum is space between ceiling of one story and floor of the next story • Cables run through plenum • Must be plenum-rated • Composed of materials that do not release deadly gasses when burned • Insulating material in the cable cannot burn so quickly that it acts as a wick

  35. Problems and Limitations Related to Copper

  36. Electromagnetic Interference • Two wires next to each other create a magnetic field, result is noise • Copper media interference called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) • Can result in: • Attenuation • Crosstalk • Security and electromagnetism

  37. Speed • Bandwidth • Amount or number of signals that a wire can carry • Latency • Time delay • Throughput • Amount of actual data carried at any given time during a connection

  38. Distance Limitations • Some cables are prone to attenuation • Caused by: • Distance signals have to travel • The medium itself • Noise on cable contributes to attenuation • Cables have maximum segment lengths to reduce attenuation • Unshielded twisted-pair cable is 328 feet (100 meters)

  39. Duplexing

  40. Fiber-Optic Cabling • Transmits digital signals using light impulses rather than electricity • Immune to electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) • Works by allowing light impulses to be carried through either a glass or plastic core • Is single-mode fiber (SMF) or multimode fiber (MMF)

  41. Fiber-Optic Cabling Pros and Cons • Pros • Immune to EMI and RFI • Can transmit up to 40 kilometers, about 25 miles, in a single hop • Cons • Difficult to install • More expensive than twisted-pair • Troubleshooting equipment is expensive • More difficult to troubleshoot

  42. Multimode Fiber • A type of fiber-optic cable that uses light to communicate a signal • Light is dispersed on numerous paths as it travels through the core and is reflected back • Cladding used to line the core and focus the light back onto it • Provides high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances (up to about 3,000 feet)

  43. Single-mode fiber (SMF) • A very high-speed, long-distance fiber-optic cable • Consists of one or two strands of fiberglass that carries the signals • Lasers are primary light sources • Spans very long distances because it can transmit data 50 times farther than multimode fiber at a faster rate

  44. Fiber-Optic Subscriber Connector (SC) • Are latched • Work with single-mode and multimode optical fibers • Last for around 1,000 matings

  45. Fiber-Optic Straight Tip (ST) Connector • One of the most widely used fiber-optic connectors • Uses a BNC style attachment

  46. Fiber-Optic Small Form Factor Connector • Allows more fiber-optic terminations in the same amount of space than its standard-sized counterparts • Two most common versions: • Mechanical transfer registered jack (MT-RJ or MTRJ) • Local connector (LC)

  47. Fiber-Optic Local Connector (LC) • Newer style of SFF fiber-optic connector • Fibre-Channel (FC) adapters • Used for fast storage areanetworks andGigabit Ethernetadapters

  48. Installing Wiring Distributions • Many components involved in wiring a computer network • Cables and connectors • Cross-connects • Patch panels • Jacks • Devices connectors go into • More

  49. Vertical and Horizontal Cross-Connects • Cross-connect is a location within a cabling system where all wires come together • Cables that run from communications closets to wall outlets are horizontal connect cables • Patch cable is any cable that has a connector on both ends and is used to connect a network device to a network device, a wall jack to a network device, or a network device to a patch panel

  50. Vertical and Horizontal Cross-Connects (Cont.) • Vertical connect cables are backbone cables that connect equipment rooms, telecommunications rooms, and other physical termination points

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