Essentials of Planning

1. Essentials of Planning

2. Topics • Different concepts or types of planning. • Steps in Planning process. • How to set goals. • Creativity, innovation and Brainstorming

3. PLANNING • planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do , when to do it and who is to do it. • What to do focus on task itself . • How to do focus on way of doing. • when to do mean time of doing. • who is to do mean the person who • will do it.

4. PLANNING Planning involves setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them. • Planning is a brainstorming process which needs a lot of time. • It requires decision making, choosing a future course of action. • It bridges the gap between from where we are, where we want to go.

5. Controlling The plan planning Implementation of plan Relationship of Planning and Controlling

6. Types of Plans Plans can be classified as …….. • Mission or Purpose • Objectives or Goals • Strategies • Procedures • Rules • Programs • Budgets

7. Mission or Purpose The mission identifies the basic purpose or function of an enterprise. Every organization should have mission or purpose. Mission or purpose of (business) generally is the production and distribution of goods and services. • The mission of a university is teaching, research and providing education services to community. • The mission of state highway department is the design, building and operation of a system of state highways. • The purpose of the courts is the interpretation of laws and their applications.

8. Goals and Objectives Goals are the targets towards which activity is aimed. They represent the end point of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. Difference between Objectives and goals Objective: small target. Completing education is objective for student. Goal:large target. Getting job is a goal for every student.

9. Levels of Goals ghg Topmanagement strategic goals Middle management TtacticalGoals Ooperational Goals LowlevelMgt

10. Strategy Strategy is a course of action by which a firm can achieve its targets(goals). Strategy is something which is concerned with competitiveness ,that is, taking competitive advantage over your opponent. Example: Company wants to increase its sales through (improving the quality) of its products.

11. Policies Policies are guidelines that are established to support efforts to achieve the goals. policies are established at high level and applied to the entire organization. Example: • The policy of hiring MBA qualified candidates. • The policy of hiring young employees.

12. PROCEDURES Procedures are guides to actions and they detail the exact manner in which certain activities must be accomplished. They are chronological sequence of required actions. Example: Conducting performance appraisals, the procedure is…. 1: Setting performance standards 2: Comparing original performance with standards. 3: Performance discussion.

13. Rules Rules are usually the simplest types of plans, allowing no discussion. They are without any discretion. Example: NO SMOKING is the rules in the organization.

14. Program Programs are the combination of goals, policies, procedures, rules, resources to be allocated etc. They are ordinarily supported by budgets. Example: Five year program of an organization to improve the status and quality of its thousands supervisors

15. Budget A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms. A budget may be expressed in financial terms. Example: A budget may include • Expenses • Revenues

16. Steps in planning

17. Establishing objectives Being aware of opportunities Determining alternative courses Evaluating alternative courses Selecting a course Quantifying plans by budgeting Steps in Planning

18. How to set goals

19. Steps in setting goals 1: Specify the goal to be reached or tasks to be done. What do you want to accomplish? • Do you want to increase the sales? • Reduce cost? • Improve quality? • Boost customer service?

20. steps in setting goals 2:Specify how performance will be measured. Performance can be measured according to these two criteria's. • Physical unit: number of errors, quantity of production, quality. • Time: Meeting deadlines, completing a projects, punctuality.

21. steps in setting goals 3: Specify the standards or targets to be reached. In this stage the required performance are specified. Example: The target may be to produce 40 units per hour, completing the project by 15 December.

22. steps in setting goals 4:Specify the time span to be involved. To have positive impact on performance, goals must have time span within which they are to be completed. Example: Your goal for the semester may involve few months.

23. steps in setting goals 5: Priorities the goals: When multiple goals are present, they need to be priorities. Otherwise efforts can be focused poorly. Example: If you want to obtain grade “A”. Examination counts 70%, assignment 20%, class contribution 10%. priorities • examination • assignment • class contribution.

24. steps in setting goals 6: Coordination. It is important to know that whether goals depends on other individuals, if so, coordination and cooperation with them may be needed.

25. Creativity Creativity: usually refers to the ability and power to develop new ideas or Cognitive process of developing new ideas, concepts , commodity etc. Innovation: The use of new ideas in products or services. Brainstorming: The technique of encouraging group members to generate as many ideas as they can on a given topic and then selecting the best idea.