EP EUROBAROMETER Flash International Women’s day 2012

1. EP EUROBAROMETER Flash International Women’s day 2012 8 march 2012

2. Methodology

3. Methodology Flash Eurobarometer • Survey conducted by telephone • Fieldwork: from 19 to 21 January 2012 • Population: representative sample aged 15 and over • Coverage: 27 EU Member States • Number of interviewees: 25,539 3

4. Structure

5. Structure • THE GENERAL SITUATION • INEQUALITIES • RECONCILING FAMILY LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL LIFE • MEASURES TO COMBAT PAY GAPS • THE ISSUE OF GENDER DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE • CONCLUSION 5

6. A. THE GENERAL SITUATION

7. A. Current situation - Half of Europeans believe that inequalities are a serious problem in their country Total “Serious”: 52% Pre-2004 Member States: 55% Post-2004/2007 Member States: 44% Total “Not serious” : 45% 7

8. A. Current situation An absolute majority believes that this is a serious problem in 10 Member States Q1. In your opinion, to what extent are gender inequalities a very serious, a fairly serious, a not really serious or not at all a serious problem at the current time in (OUR COUNTRY)? 8

9. A. Recent developmentsEuropeans believe that progress has been made in this area Pre-2004 Member States: 61% Post-2004/2007 Member States: 54% 9

10. A. RecentdevelopmentsIn almost all Member States, a majority of respondents believe that gender inequalities have tended to decrease Q2. And compared with 10 years ago, would you say that gender inequalities have tended to increase or decrease in (OUR COUNTRY)? 10

11. A. General situation Differences in perceptions between men and women are real, but minor in terms of perceived changes in levels of inequalities Q1. In your opinion, to what extent are gender inequalities a very serious, a fairly serious, a not really serious or not at all a serious problem at the current time in (OUR COUNTRY)? Q2. And compared with 10 years ago, would you say that gender inequalities have tended to increase or decrease in (OUR COUNTRY)? 11

12. B. INEQUALITIES

13. B. Gender inequalities Violence against women and pay gaps: most important inequalities according to Europeans 13

14. B. Gender inequalitiesSignificant variations exist between countries: violence is the leading issue in 12 Member States In your opinion, which of the gender inequalities in the following list are the most important? First? And then ? (3 ANSWERS MAXIMUM) 14

15. B. Gender inequalitiesPay gaps are the leading issue in 12 other Member States 15

16. B. Gender inequalities Clear differences by age and level of education 16

17. B. Perception of the problem A very large majority of Europeans believe that pay gaps are a serious problem 17

18. B. Perception of the problem In 25 Member States, pay gaps are perceived as a serious problem by a majority of respondents Q4. Personally, based on your knowledge of the pay gap between women and men, to what extent would you say that this is a very serious, a fairly serious, a not really serious or not at all a serious problem? 18

19. B. Perception of the problemThe problem is seen as more serious by women and by older and less educated respondents Q4. Personally, based on your knowledge of the pay gap between women and men, to what extent would you say that this is a very serious, a fairly serious, a not really serious or not at all a serious problem? 19

20. C. Reconciling family life and professionallife

21. C. Reconciling family life and professional lifeThe pay gap issue is downplayed; the trade-off between work and child-minding is a more divisive issue Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? 28% 69% 55% 41% 21

22. C. Reconciling family life and professional lifeThe proportion of Europeans who disagree with the statement is significantly larger when the question pertains to the father The split ballot technique: the sample was split into two equal parts, in a totally arbitrary manner. One group, split A, answered the question pertaining to the mother. The other group, split B, answered the question pertaining to the father. Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? 41% 55% 60% 35% * Split A only ** Split B only 22

23. C. Reconciling family life and professionallifeThe belief that the pay gap issue is downplayed is held by a majority in all the Member States Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? The issue of the pay gap between women and men gets downplayed 23

24. C. Reconciling family life and professionallifeThe belief that the parent with the lower salary should give up work is held by a majority in 9 Member States Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? In a family, it is the parent with the lower salary who should give up work to look after the children 24

25. C. Reconciling family life and professional lifeWhen the statement pertains to the mother, most respondents reject it in 17 Member States Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? (SPLIT A ONLY) When child-minding costs are more or less equivalent to what the mother earns, she should stop working to take care of the children Pre-2004 Member States: 38% Post-2004/2007 Member States: 52% 25

26. C. Reconciling family life and professional lifeWhen the statement pertains to the father, most respondents reject it in 25 Member States Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? (SPLIT B ONLY) When child-minding costs are more or less equivalent to what the father earns, she should stop working to take care of the children Pre-2004 Member States: 35% Post-2004/2007 Member States: 34% 26

27. C. Reconciling family life and professionallifeIn 22 Member States, respondents would prefer the mother to give up work, rather than the father Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? When child-minding costs are more or less equivalent to what the mother*/the father** earns, she should stop working to take care of the children • Answer ‘Total agree’ 27

28. C. Reconciling family life and professionallifeThere are significant differences depending on whether the question pertains to the mother or the father Q5. To what extent do you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree with each of the following statements? 28

29. D. MEASURES TO COMBAT PAY GAPS

30. D.1 Level of decision makingMost respondents would prefer action to be taken at European Union level 30

31. D.1 Level of decision makingIn 21 Member States, the European Union level is seen as the most appropriate to handle pay gaps Q6. On average in the European Union, women earn 17.5% less than men for work of equal value. Generally speaking, would you say that a solution to this issue needs to be found… 31

32. D.2 Preferred measuresSanctions and incentives are rated equally 32

33. D.2 Preferred measuresFacilitating access for everyone and financial penalties are the leading measures in a majority of Member States Q7. In your opinion, which of the following measures would contribute the most to reducing the pay gap between women and men in (OUR COUNTRY)? (ONE ANSWER ONLY) 33

34. D.2 Preferred measures 34

35. E. GENDER DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE

36. E. Pay gaps in certains occupations Pre-2004 Member States are more shocked by pay gaps Q8. At the current time, there are pay gaps between certain “female” professions and certain “male” professions, despite the fact that they require equivalent levels of training and skills. Personally, would you say that these pay gaps are totally justified, fairly justified, fairly unjustified or totally unjustified? 3% 3% ‘Totally unjustified’ Pre-2004 Member States: 62% Post-2004/2007 Member States: 46% 36

37. E. Pay gaps in certain occupationsNational variations Q8. At the current time, there are pay gaps between certain “female” professions and certain “male” professions, despite the fact that they require equivalent levels of training and skills. Personally, would you say that these pay gaps are totally justified, fairly justified, fairly unjustified or totally unjustified? 37

38. E. Recommended measures for combating gender under-representation Improving working conditions, the leading measure cited 38

39. E. Recommended measures for combating gender under-representationImproving working conditions is the leading measure in 24 countries 39

40. E. Recommended measures for combating gender under-representationMore attractive salaries is the leading measure in Latvia, Estonia and Hungary 40

41. F. CONCLUSION

42. F. Conclusion • Gender inequality problems, in general, and pay gaps in particular, are regarded as serious by a very large majority of Europeans • To combat pay gaps, sanctions and incentives are rated equally • In terms of the trade-off between work and child-minding (father/mother), stereotypes persist • The EU level remains the most appropriate scale for tackling these problems • To promote gender diversity in "male" and "female" occupations, the improvement of working conditions is necessary in most Member States • Analysis by group of countries, by country and using socio-demographic criteria demonstrates genuine complexity in the structure of opinions of gender inequality are formed 42

43. Thank you for your attention