Correlational Designs Causal Modeling Quasi-Experimental Designs

1. Correlational Designs Causal Modeling Quasi-Experimental Designs

2. Quasi means “seeming like.” Quasi-experiments superficially resemble experiments, but lack their required manipulation of antecedent conditions and/or random assignment to conditions. How do quasi-experiments differ from actual experiments? Correlational Designs

3. They may study the effects of preexisting antecedent conditions—life events or subject characteristics—on behavior. A quasi-experiment might compare the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in patients who used ibuprofen since age 50 and those who did not. How do quasi-experiments differ from actual experiments? Correlational Designs

4. In experiments, researchers randomly assign subjects to antecedent conditions that they create. An experiment might randomly assign subjects to either daily ibuprofen or aspirin use, and then measure their incidence of Alzheimer’s. How do quasi-experiments differ from actual experiments? Correlational Designs

5. We should use quasi-experiments when we cannot or should not manipulate antecedent conditions. Quasi-experiments could study the effect of spouse abuse on the frequency of child abuse. When should we use quasi-experiments instead of experiments? Correlational Designs

6. A Pearson correlation coefficient is used to calculate simple correlations (between two variables) and may be expressed as: r (50) = +.70, p = .001. Correlation coefficients have four properties. linearity, sign, magnitude, and probability. Describe the properties of a correlation. Correlational Designs

7. Linearity means how the relationship between x and y can be plotted as a line (linear relationship) or a curve (curvilinear relationship). Sign refers to whether the correlation coefficient is positive or negative. Describe the properties of a correlation. Correlational Designs

8. Magnitude is the strength of the correlation coefficient, ranging from -1 to +1. Probability is the likelihood of obtaining a correlation coefficient of this magnitude due to chance. Describe the properties of a correlation. Correlational Designs

9. Scatterplots are a graphic display of pairs of data points on the x and y axes. A scatterplot illustrates the linearity, sign, magnitude, and probability (indirectly) of a correlation. What does a scatterplot show? Correlational Designs

10. Range truncation is an artificial restriction of the range of X and Y that can reduce the strength of a correlation coefficient. How does range truncation affect correlation coefficients? Correlational Designs

11. Outliers are extreme scores. They usually affect correlations by disturbing the trends in the data. Range truncation removes outliers. How do outliers affect correlations? Correlational Designs

12. The coefficient of determination (r2) estimates the amount of variability that can be explained by a predictor variable.For example, Chaplin et al. (2000) showed that handshake firmness accounted for 31% of the variability of first impression positivity. Why should we compute the coefficient of determination? Correlational Designs

13. Since correlational studies do not create multiple levels of an independent variable and randomly assign subjects to conditions, they cannot establish causal relationships. Why doesn't correlation prove causation? Correlational Designs

14. There are three additional reasons that correlations cannot prove causation:(1) casual direction(2) bidirectional causation(3) the third variable problem Why doesn't correlation prove causation? Correlational Designs

15. Causal directionSince correlations are symmetrical, A could cause B just as readily as B could cause A.Does insomnia cause depression or does depression cause insomnia? Why doesn't correlation prove causation? Correlational Designs

16. Bidirectional causationTwo variables—insomnia and depression—may affect each other. Why doesn't correlation prove causation? Correlational Designs

17. Third variable problemA third variable—family conflict—may create the appearance that insomnia and depression are related to each other. Why doesn't correlation prove causation? Correlational Designs

18. Researchers use multiple correlation (R) when they want to know whether there is a relationship among three or more variables. We could measure age, television watching, and vocabulary and find that R = +.61. When do researchers use multiple correlation (R)? Correlational Designs

19. We should compute a partial correlation when we want to hold one variable (age) constant to measure its influence on a correlation between two other variables (television watching and vocabulary). When should we compute a partial correlation? Correlational Designs

20. Researchers use multiple regression to predict behavior measured by one variable based on scores on two or more other variables. We could estimate vocabulary size using age and television watching as predictor variables. When do researchers use multiple regression? Correlational Designs

21. Causal modeling is the creation and testing of models that suggest cause-and-effect relationships between behaviors. Path analysis and cross-lagged paneldesigns are two forms of causal modeling. What is causal modeling? Causal Modeling

22. In path analysis,a researcher creates and tests models of possible causal sequences using multiple regression analysis where two or more variables are used to predict behavior on a third variable. Explain path analysis. Causal Modeling

23. In cross-lagged panel design, a researcher measures relationships over time and these are used to suggest a causal path. What is a cross-lagged panel design? Causal Modeling

24. Ex post facto means “after the fact.” A researcher examines the effects of already existing subject variables (like gender or personality type), but does not manipulate them. What is an ex post facto design? Quasi-Experimental Designs

25. A nonequivalent groups design compares the effects of treatments on preexisting groups of subjects.A researcher could install fluorescent lighting in Company A and incandescent lighting in Company B and then assess productivity. What is a nonequivalent groups design? Causal Modeling

26. In longitudinal designs, the same group of subjects is measured at different points of time to determine the effect of time on behavior. In cross-sectional studies, subjects at different developmental stages (classes) are compared at the same point in time. Describe the longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches. Causal Modeling

27. In pretest/posttest designs, a researcher measures behavior before and after an event. This is quasi-experimental because there is no control condition. For example: Practice GRE test 1  six-week preparation course  Practice GRE test 2. What is a pretest/posttest design? Causal Modeling

28. There is no control group which receives a different level of the IV (no preparation course). The results may be confounded by practice effects (also called pretest sensitization) due to less anxiety during the posttest and learning caused by review of pretest answers. Which problems reduce its internal validity? Causal Modeling

29. This variation on a pretest/posttest design includes four conditions:(1) a group that received the pretest, treatment and posttest(2) a nonequivalent control group that received only the pretest and posttest What is a Solomon 4-group design? Causal Modeling

30. (3) a group that received the treatment and a posttest (4) a group that only received the posttest What is a Solomon 4-group design? Causal Modeling