Day 3 Review:

1. Day 3 Review: Africa, Imperialism, the Russian Revolution, South Asia & Indian independence, WWI, WWII & the Holocaust Direct democracy – government where people make decisions and rule for themselves (ex. ancient Athens, New England town meetings) Indirect democracy – government where people elect representatives to rule with their consent (ex. a republic)

2. North Africa: Geography • The Nile (union of Blue and White Nile) • Silt deposits • Aswan High Dam • The Sinai Peninsula (E.of Nile) • Suez Canal between Sinai and Egypt - connects Red Sea to Med. • The Sahara: world’s largest desert • Sand dunes and dry streambeds • Atlas Mountains N.west side of Sahara (13,600 ft)

3. West African Trading Kingdoms: • Ghana: Dominate trans-Saharan trade • Plentiful gold in Ghana, Nigeria & Senegal (Savanna of W. Africa) • Mali: Mansa Musa (Muslim ruler) hajj to Mecca →New trading ties • Songhai: Asika Muhammad leader- Timbuktu great center of learning

4. East African Trading Kingdom: Axum • Christian missionaries 1st introduce Christianity to Axum (present day) Ethiopia • 1200 re-mergence of Christian stronghold King Lalaibela • 11 Rock churches

5. African Culture: Animism African Culture: Animism • Lesser Gods associated with Sun, wind, rain, trees, rivers & other nature • These Gods can bring harm/ benefit to Humans • Souls of the departed can intervene in descendants lives • African ritual: • Prayers, animal sacrifice, ceremonies • Honor deities, spirits, or ancestors • African Diviners: Individuals who have an ability or by special training can mediate between humanity and supernatural beings

6. Competition Political Rivalry EuropeanNationalism Superiority Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution Christianity European Motives For Colonization Military& NavalBases Markets forFinishedGoods SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

7. The African Slave Trade • 1500’s demand for slaves increases as colonies are settled- Americas need for a large, free labor source • 1600’s demand for slaves increases because of plantations • West Coast of Africa affected the most • Middle Passage: route between Africa and the Americas 1. Abolition: movement to end slavery (1700’s) 2. 1807: End of slave TRADE 3. 1834: Slavery illegal in Great Britain 4. 1865: Slavery illegal in U.S. 5. ****Industrial Revolution: slavery less profitable***** Effects: Diaspora of West African people

8. Monsoons: • seasonal wind that dominates the climate of South Asia • Benefit: • plant seeds in dry land • plants take root before the rains come Harm: • rains too late – plants die • too much rain – plants wash away

9. South Asia- India & the Independence Movement • 1800s Indians resent British rule- f Indian National Congress • Mohandas Gandhi leader of indep. movement of 1920s/30s • Gandhi’s Salt March = Strategy of Civil Disobedience/nonviolent protest • GB finally agrees- tensions between Hindu & Muslim communities call for separate nations - avoid civil war GB calls for partitionof India • 1947 Two indep. Countries formed: Partition of India & Pakistan

10. The Russian Revolution: 1. 1914 Russia enters WWI- widespread discontent (Causes: economic issues, class issues & famine) 2. Tsar Nicholas II Abdicates- collapse of tsarist regime 3. Provisional Govt. takes control 4. Fall of 1917 Lenin & Bolsheviks overthrow provisional Gov.t 5. Lenin dies 1924- power struggle- Stalin wins- implements 5- Year Plans, Collectivization 7 Great Purges

11. Origins of WWI • Causes of WWI: MANIA (Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Assassination) • Turmoil in the Balkans “The Powder Keg of Europe” • Rival Nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, & Serbia battle for territory • Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visiting Sarajevo in Bosnia- assassinated by member of Serbian Black Hand • Austria blames Serbia  AH declares war on Serbia, Germany declares war on Russia & France  GA goes through neutral Belgium  Great Britain declares war on GA

12. Allied Powers: Central Powers: World War I

13. WWI • 1919 Paris Peace Conf.: • Wilson • Orlando • David Lloyd George • Clemenceau • Treaty of Versailles: • Germany not even allowed to send delegates • Article 231 – GA must accept full blame for war • GA forced to give up overseas colonies • Disarmament- • Rhineland =DMZ • War Payments: GA war reparations $300 billion

14. WWII 1939-1945 • The Axis Powers: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy , & Japan • The Allied Powers: Great Brit, France, the Soviet Union, & the US • Appeasement- policy of letting the aggressors have what they wanted, in hope they would demand no more • Nazi-Soviet Pact/ Non-Aggression Pact- Hitler seeks to reach agreement with Stalin b4 invading Poland- therefore agreement keeps USSR neutral & allows for his invasion • Sept. 1st 1939 Hitler’s invasion of Poland

15. The End of WWII • US new Pres. Truman (feared an invasion of Jpn, would cost millions of lives) warns Jpn of its new weapon- they refuse so US drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki • June 1944 D- Day invasion (Operation Overlord. Normandy) Brit, French, Canadian and American troops, ships, and aircraft land on coast of France • Surrender of Axis 1945 Jpn continues struggle The Holocaust- The systematic annihilation of six million Jews

16. Effects of WWII: • Superpowers-US & the Soviet Union • Cold War: new struggle between US & Soviet Union • 1940-1970 massive wave of decolonization (freedom to African & Asian colonies) • Shift of internatl. trade