Music: An Appreciation 8 th Edition by Roger Kamien

1. Music: An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger Kamien Unit VII 二十世紀 Presentation Development: Robert Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

2. Chpt. 8: 表現主義 • Attempts to explore 內在感情 rather than depict 外在表象 • Used 刻意的變形 • To assault and shock the audience • To communicate 緊張與焦慮 • Direct outgrowth of the work of Freud • Rejected “conventional prettiness” • Favored “ugly” topics such as madness and death • Art also seen as a form of social protest • Anguish of the poor • Bloodshed of war • Man’s inhumanity to man

3. Egon Schiele: Death and Maiden, 1915

4. Schoenberg 荀白克 • First to completely abandon the traditional tonal system • Born in Vienna (1874-1951) • Father of the 12-tone system • When Nazis came to power he (a Jew) was forced to leave—came to America • Taught at UCLA until his death Schoenberg的音樂 • 無調性 • Starting 1908, wrote music w/ no key center • 十二音系統 • Gives equal importance all 12 pitches in octave • Pitches arranged in a sequence or row (tone row) • No pitch occurs more than once in the 12 note row in order to equalize emphasis of pitches

5. Chpt. 9-Arnold Schoenberg Listening Mondestrunken (Moondrunk) 《月光小丑》 Op. 21（Pierrot lunaire or Moonstruck Pierrot，1912) Listening Guide: p. 444 Brief Set, CD 4:24 Program piece: The poet (Pierrot) becomes intoxicated as moonlight floods the still horizon with desires that are “horrible and sweet.” Note: This song part of a 21 song cycle Departure from voice/piano Romantic Art song: scored for voice, piano, flute, violin, & cello Freely atonal, intentionally no key center Use of Sprechstimme, song/speech style that was developed by Schoenberg Expressionist music & text

6. Chpt. 9-Arnold Schoenberg Listening Schoenberg，《華沙的生還者》, 1947 by Arnold Schoenberg Cantata for narrator, male chorus, and orchestra Listening Guide: p. 444 Brief Set, CD 4:25 Tells story of Nazi treatment and murder of Jews in occupied Poland Note: Sprechstimme 12-tone technique English and German text with Hebrew prayer Expressionist music and text—shocking

7. Alban Berg （貝爾格） • Born in Vienna, 1885-1935 • Student of Schoenberg • Wrote atonal music • Due to ill health, did not tour or conduct • Possibly also reason for his small output • Most famous work is Wozzeck • Story of a soldier who is driven to madness by society, murders his wife, and drowns trying to wash the blood from his hands (Expressionist topic & music)

8. Chpt. 10-Alban Berg Listening Wozzeck, 1917-1922 Opera by Alban Berg Act III: Scene 4 Listening Guide: p. 450 Basic Set, CD 7:32 Wozzeck, the soldier, returns to the scene of the crime to dispose of his knife Act III: Scene 5 Listening Guide: p. 450 Basic Set, CD 7:36 Marie’s son (Wozzeck’s stepson) & other children are playing. Another group of children rushes in saying they have found Marie’s body. As all the children go to see, the opera ends abruptly. Note: Sprechstimme Atonal Expressionist subject matter

9. Webern 魏本 • Schoenberg’s other famous student • Born in Vienna, 1883-1945 • His music was ridiculed during his lifetime • Shy family man, devoted Christian • Shot by US soldier by mistake near end of WWII Webern的音樂 • Expanded Schoenberg’s idea of tone color being part of melody • His melodies are frequently made up of several two to three note fragments that add up to a complete whole • Tone color replaces “tunes” in his music • His music is almost always very short

10. Chpt. 11-Anton Webern Listening Five Pieces for Orchestra(1911-1913) Third Piece by Anton Webern Listening Guide: p. 455 Brief Set, CD 4:28 Note: Lack of traditional melody Tone color washes over the listener Dynamics never get above pp

11. Neoclassicism新古典主義 • Flourished 1920-1950 • Based new compositions upon devices and forms of the Classical & Baroque • Used earlier techniques to organize 20th Century harmonies & rhythms • Eschewed program music for absolute • Preferred to write for small ensembles • Partially due to limited resources in post-WWII Europe • Sounded modern, not classical

12. Bartok 巴爾托克 • Taught piano in Hungary and wrote books for pedagogy • Hungarian, 1881-1945 • Like many other composers, fled Nazis and came to live in the US • Used folksongs as basis of his music • Went to remote areas to collect/record folksongs Bartok的音樂 • Best known for instrumental works • Especially piano pieces & string quartets • Compositions contain strong folk influences • Worked within tonal center • Harsh dissonances, polychords, tone clusters

13. Listening Bartok，《管絃樂協奏曲》（Concerto for Orchestra，1943） 2nd movement: Game of Pairs Allegretto scherzando by Bartok Listening Guide: p. 458 Brief Set, CD 4:29 Note: Title of work derived from treatment of instruments in soloistic (concertant) manner Ternary form Pairing of instruments in “A” section gives name to this movement Prominent drum part

14. Shostakovich 蕭斯塔科維奇 • Shostakovich，《第五號交響曲》，D小調 Listening Guide: p. 465

15. Ives 艾伍斯 • Son of a professional bandmaster (director) • American, 1874-1954 • Worked as insurance agent, composed music on the side • 1st published own music, initially ridiculed • Won Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for 3rd Symphony • Wrote quite original music Ives的音樂 • Music based upon American folk songs • Polyrhythm, polytonality, & tone clusters • Claimed was like 2 bands marching past each other on a street • Often, his music is very difficult to perform

16. Chpt. 14-Charles Ives Listening Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticut from Three Places in New England (1908?-14) by Charles Ives (1912) Listening Guide: p. 470 Basic Set, CD 8:7 Piece is based upon a child’s impression of a Fourth of July picnic, two bands playing Note: Polyrhythm Polytonality Harsh dissonances

17. George Gershwin（蓋希文) • Wrote popular music, musical theatre, and serious concert music • American, 1898-1937 • Frequently blended the three into a single style • At 20 wrote Broadway musical La, La, Lucille • Wrote Swanee, Funny Face, & Lady, Be Good • Also, Rhapsody in Blue, Concerto in F, An American in Paris, & opera Porgy and Bess • Often co-wrote with his brother, Ira, as lyricist • Met Berg, Ravel, and Stravinsky in Europe • Financially successful—songs were popular • Was friends & tennis partner w/ Schoenberg • Died of brain tumor at age 38

18. Chpt. 15-George Gershwin Listening 《藍調狂想曲》（Rhapsody in Blue, 1924） by George Gershwin For piano and orchestra Listening Guide: p. 475 Supplementary Set, CD 2:28 Note: Jazz influence, especially notable in the clarinet introduction

19. Aaron Copland（柯普蘭） • Wrote music in modern style more accessible to audience than many other composers • American, 1900-1990 • Drew from American folklore for topics • Ballets: Billy the Kid, Rodeo, Appalachian Spring • Lincoln Portrait, Fanfare for the Common Man • Wrote simple, yet highly professional music • Other contributions to American music: • Directed composers’ groups • Organized concerts • Lectured, taught, & conducted • Wrote books and articles

20. Chpt. 17-Aaron Copland Listening 《阿帕拉契之春》（Appalachian Spring, 1943-44） Section 7: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts by Aaron Copland Listening Guide: p. 483 Brief Set, CD 4:41 Ballet involves a pioneer celebration in Spring in Pennsylvania Note: Use of folk melody (Shaker melody: Simple Gifts) Lyrics on p. 482 Theme & variation form

21. Chpt. 17-Aaron Copland Listening 1945年之後 Cage: Prepared Piano (1946-48) Babbitt: Semi-Simple Variation (1956) Varese: Electronic Poem (1958) Penderecki: Threnody (1960) Crumb: Ancient Voices of Children (1970) Glass: Einstein on the Beach (1976) Zwilich: Concerto Grosso 1985 Gorecki : Symphony No. 3 (1976)