The Age of Imperialism Chapter 11

1. The Age of ImperialismChapter 11

2. Congo • 1860s David Livingstone traveled into central Africa • Looking for source of Nile • Disappeared for years • Found in 1871 at Lake Tanganyika • 1879 returned to Africa • 1882 signed treaties with local chiefs giving King Leopold II of Belgium control over the land • Leopold said he wanted to end the slave trade • Brutally exploited Africans • Forced labor, excessive taxation and abusive • Outcry from the world • 1908 Belgium officially took it over creating the Belgium Congo • Race for colonies in Africa between Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, France and Belgium

3. Motives • Imperialism- takeover of a country by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic and social life of the people • Needed new markets and raw materials • Race for colonies-nationalism • Racism- idea that they were better than other peoples • Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest • Showed superior to others • Non-Europeans inferior • Missionaries pushed for expansion so to Christianize the people Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands (civilize and westernize)

4. Enabling Forces • Technological superiority • Maxim gun- automatic machine gun • Africans had outdated guns • Europeans had means to control the empire • Steam engine in ships allowed ships to sail upriver • Communication by railroads, cables and steamers • Drugs to prevent diseases (quinine) • Africans not united

5. Colonization • Scramble for Africa began in 1880 • Berlin Conference- 14 nations met 1884-1885 to create rules for division of Africa • Could claim land by notifying others and showing they could control it • Divided Africa in no logical way • No African leaders attended • 1914 only two nations remained free in Africa • Hoped Africans would buy European goods • They didn’t • Took raw materials- peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber • Copper, tin, gold and diamonds

6. South Africa • Zulus- late 1700s to late 1800s local wars • 1816 Zulu Chief Shaka created large centralized state • Successors not good at ruling and unable to stop British • Boers (Dutch farmers) came in 1652 took over Africans’ land and established large farms • British and Boers clashed starting in the 1800s over land and slaves • 1830s Boers moved north in the Great Trek • Had to fight the Zulus

7. Boer War • Gold and diamonds discovered in South Africa in the 1860s and 1880s • Everyone wanted to make money • Boers blamed British for a rebellion and in 1899 went to war • First modern total war • Britain won • 1902 Union of South Africa was set up and controlled by the British

8. Colonial Control • Influence over economic, political and social lives of people in Africa • Wanted to benefit their own economies • Used following forms of control • Colony- governed internally by a foreign power • Protectorate- country has own internal government but under control of other power • Sphere of influence- an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges • Economic imperialism- independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

9. Imperialist Management • Indirect control- relied on existing political rulers • Local officials handled daily management • Train local leaders, could govern itself • Direct Control • Africans were children unable to handle control • Paternalism- governed people in a fatherly way by providing needs but not giving rights • Europe brought in own bureaucrats • French supported assimilation- absorb people into French culture • Patterned schools, courts and businesses after French

10. Impact • Changed Africans’ lives • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation • Hospitals and schools established- life spans increased, literacy improved • Economic expansion- railroads, dams, telephones and telegraph lines • Only benefited Europeans • Africans lost control of their land and independence • New diseases • Lost thousands of people due to resistance • Famines • Breakdown of traditional culture • Men forced to leave villages • Worked hard • Undermined stable societies • Artificial boundaries

11. British in India • East India Company took advantage of weak Mughal Dynasty starting in in 1707 • 1757 British won victory in Battle of Plassey • East India Company became leading power • Governed both directly and indirectly • Little interference at first from British government • Had its own army • British officers and sepoys- Indian soldiers • Supplied raw materials, good market for British goods • Called “jewel of the crown” most valuable • Economy could not operate on its own • Forced to produce raw materials and buy British goods

12. India • Could not compete with British finished goods • Indian businesses put out of business • Produced opium and shipped it to China in exchange for tea • Impact • Third largest railroad network • Developed modern economy • Unified regions • Modern roads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals • Sanitation and public health increased • Schools and colleges founded • Restricted Indian owned industries • Cash crop emphasis, lack of self-sufficiency • famines

13. Sepoy Rebellion • Indians resented British racism • 1857 sepoys heard rumors that their new rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat • Soldiers had to bite off the seal to use the cartridges • They were Hindus and Muslims= outrage • 85 out of 90 sepoys refused them • Jailed • May 10, 1857 sepoys rebelled and marched on Dehli • Rebellions spread • Sepoy Mutiny- fierce fighting, too a year to put down • Splits between Hindus and Muslims • Sikhs stayed loyal to British and would join British army

14. Turning Point • 1858 Britain took direct command of India • Part of India under direct control called the Raj and will last until 1947 • Divided into 11 provinces • Cabinet in London directed policy • 1877 British governor-general who carried out the government’s orders became viceroy • Princes who had treaties were respected • Those states still free would remain independent • Britain gained more control • Britain became more racist

15. Colonial Impact • Economies based on cash cops • Roads, harbors and rail systems set up • More for Europeans than locals • Education, health and sanitation improved • Southeast Asia melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists

16. China • Looked down upon foreigners • Qing emperor received English in 1793 • English brought gifts (Chinese were not interested) • Agricultural based • Rice, added maize sweet potatoes and peanuts • Used land more effectively- population boom • Mining and manufacturing • Self sufficient

17. Tea and Opium • Did not want to trade- allowed in only at two ports • More on exports than imports, drained Britain’s silver supply • British had depleted silver supply found product to hook China • Smuggled in opium- 12 million addicted • Qing emperor angry • Opium War of 1839- most battles at sea • 1842 signed peace treaty, Treaty of Nanjng • Gave island of Hong Kong • 1844 US and other foreign citizens gained extraterritorial rights- exception from Chinese law • Opium continued

18. Internal Problems • Population grew faster than food production • Famines • Government corrupt • People became discouraged • Rebellions • Taiping Rebellion- led by Hong Xiuquan who had mystical visions. • Influenced by Christianity, Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace • All would share vast wealth and no poverty • Formed army and took Nanjing in 1853 • Qing regained control slowly after 14 years of fighting • 20 million died

19. Reform • Dowager Empress Cixi ruled China • Committed to traditional values • Did set up arsenals to manufacture weapons • Hired foreigners to run them • Imported raw materials from abroad creating an imbalance of trade and lack of quality control • Foreign nations took advantage of China’s weaknesses • West increased power- sphere of influence- a region where a foreign nation controlled trade and investment • Open Door Policy US protected trading rights of all countries in China

20. Chinese Nationalism • Chinese pressed for strong reforms • Guangxu- young emperor who introduced reform in 1898 • Overhaul of educational system, strengthened economy, modernize military and steamline government • Officials saw it as a threat • Dowager Empress Cixi put him under house arrest and reversed reforms • Boxer Rebellion- poor peasants upset and formed Society of Harmonious Fists or the Boxers • Fought against Cixi rule and foreigners • 1900 took Beijing • Took 20,000 troops to put down • Reform 1905 Cixi sent officials to observe different governments • Began making reforms • National assembly set up

21. Japan • Isolated other than trade with China and Dutch and Korea • 19th century foreigners tried to open ports to trade • Matthew Perry used Gunboat Diplomacy to open Japan in 1853 • Treaty of Kanagawa- 1854- opened two ports at which American ships could take on supplies • US could set up embassy • Other westerners followed

22. Meiji • Japanese angry with Shogun • Rallied around Emperor Mutsuhito • 1867 Shogun stepped down (first time since 12th century) and Mutsuhito formed a new government • Meiji – Enlightened Rule • Forced feudal lords to give land to emperor • Sent statesmen abroad to study foreign ways and adapted it • Liked German army and British navy, American educational system • Industrialized quickly and became competitive with the west

23. Japanese Imperialism • By 1890 had warships and large army • Strongest military power in Asia • Gained military, political and economic strength • Abolished extraterritorial rights of foreign nations • Attacked Korea in 1876 forcing them trade • Signed agreement with China promising not send in militaries • China sent military in 1894 by request of Korea’s king • Japan fought the Chinese in the Sino-Japaanese War and won, taking over parts of Manchuria, Taiwan • Russo-Japanese War- Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria • Japan would recognize Russia’s rights in Manchuria if they stayed out of Korea- Russia refused • 1904- Japan easily defeated Russia and 1905 began peace negotiations • Japan got Manchuria and Korea

24. Japan and Korea • Made Korea a protectorate in 1905 • Took more and more power from the government • 1907 king of Korea gave up control • 1910 Korea was annexed • Harsh rulers • Forbade public protest • Shut down newspapers and took over schools • Replaced everything with Japanese history • Took land away from Korean farmers and gave it to Japanese settlers • Koreans could not go into business in their own country • Nonviolent protests put down • Did modernize country