Unit 12

1. Unit 12 Israel & The Middle East

2. Resources for Unit 12 • Workbook p. 269-278 • Textbook • p. 874-879 • p. 892-894 • What Every Student Should Know About Israel and the Middle East (online)

3. Calendar of Events • Key Terms Quiz #1 – Friday April 4 • Homework p. 279 1-4 (workbook) – Thursday April 3 • Key Terms Quiz #2 – Tuesday April 8 • Unit 12 Test – Wednesday April 9

4. Balfour Declaration (270) United Nations (250) Gamal Abdel Nasser (272) Suez Crisis of 1956 (272) Six-Day War of 1967 (272) Yom Kippur War of 1973 (273) Palestinian Liberation Organization (273) Yasser Arafat (273) Anwar Sadat (273-274) intifada (273) Camp David Accords (274) Yitzhak Rabin (274) Oslo Peace Accords* Unit 12 Key Terms #1

5. Unit 12 Key Terms #2 • 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Persian Gulf War • Saddam Hussein • George H.W. Bush • Al Qaeda • Osama Bin Laden • September 11, 2001 • George W. Bush • “war on terrorism” • Taliban • Hamid Karzai • “weapons of mass destruction” (WMDs)

6. The Creation of Israel • Zionism grew in the late 1800s and early 1900s and became worldwide after the Holocaust • the Balfour Declaration (1917) formalized the desire of the British to create a Jewish state • after World War I, the League of Nations made Palestine a British mandate • following World War II, the United Nations and Britain divided Palestine into a Jewish state (Israel) and a Palestinian state (Palestine) with Jerusalem as an international city in May of 1948

7. The Creation of Israel • the Palestinians and other Arab nations immediately attacked Israel in 1948 but were defeated in 1949 and Israel gained half of the land belonging to the Palestinians • after the war Egypt acquired the Gaza Strip and Jordan took over the West Bank (see map) • more wars would be fought between the Israelis and the Palestinians in 1956, 1967, and 1973 • Palestinians have yet to achieve their own independent nation

11. Arab Nationalism and Conflict • Arab nationalism was at the heart of the Palestinian conflict with Israel • Palestinian Arabs did not want to give up their homeland for the creation of a Jewish state • this lead to the outbreak of war in 1948 and would lead to more conflicts in the future

12. The Suez Crisis • Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser was angry with the British for helping fund the Aswan Dam and wanted to rid Egypt of foreign influence • in 1956, Nasser took control of the Suez Canal • Great Britain convinced Israel to attack and got the French to provide air support and, together, they defeated Egypt • however, the United States and the Soviet Union (who supported Nasser) forced Britain and her allies to return captured land and the canal to Egypt

13. Arafat and the PLO • the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed in 1964 • Yasser Arafat became leader of the PLO in 1969 • its goal was to end Zionism and create a Palestinian state • the group used and still uses terrorist attacks against the people of Israel

14. The Six-Day War • in 1967, Nasser and other Arab leaders prepared for war against Israel • on June 5, 1967, Israel attacked first, striking Egyptian airfields and destroying the Egyptian air force • Israel also attacked and defeated military forces from Iran, Jordan, and Syria • by June 10, Israel had won control of the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Palestinian sections of Jerusalem

15. The Yom Kippur War • in 1973, Egypt and Syria launched air strikes against Israel on Yom Kippur, a Jewish holiday • the war took Israel by complete surprise • the United Nations mandated a cease-fire, which was really all that stood between the Israelis and total victory

16. The Camp David Accords • this was the first major peace treaty in the region and was signed by Israel and Egypt in 1978 • Israel returned control of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt and Egypt agreed to recognize Israel as a country • many Arabs were upset by this deal and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by radical Muslims

17. The First Intifada • during 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon and the PLO was forced to relocate to Tunis • this lack of representation of Palestinians lead to the first intifada (uprising) in 1987 • it involved strikes, boycotts, and other forms of non-violent protests while others took to the streets in violent protests • the first intifada lasted from 1987 – 1993 • a second intifada lasted from 2000 – 2005(?)

18. The Oslo Peace Accords • representatives of Israeli Prime Minister YitzhakRabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat met in secret in Oslo, Norway in 1993 • the agreement created the Palestinian Authority and gave them self-rule in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip • some in Israel supported the deal and some opposed it • opposition to the agreement lead to the assassination of Rabin in 1995 and peace is still sought after in the region today

19. Unit 12 Israel & The Middle East

20. The Post-World War II World • following the end of World War II, people began focusing on human rights • the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights defined human rights standards for all nations • it outlined rights that all humans should have • it also defined genocide but did not determine how countries should deal with it • organizations like Amnesty International have been formed to bring attention to human rights issues around the world

21. Origins of Conflict • modern conflicts have their origins in the creation of Israel following World War II • religious differences and land disputes are central to the conflict • the conflict is even more important because of the amount of oil in the region • the United States’ support of Israel has led many countries and terrorist groups to dislike or even attack us

22. Persian Gulf War • codenamed Operation Desert Storm • Iraq, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, invaded its neighbor Kuwait on August 2, 1990 • fearing that Iraq might invade Saudi Arabia as well, the United States and the U.N. sent troops to the region on August 7 • Hussein was given a deadline of January 15, 1991 to pull all Iraqi forces out of Kuwait

23. Persian Gulf War • Hussein did not withdraw his forces from Kuwait • American president George H.W. Bush declared that the aim was not to invade Iraq but to free Kuwait • beginning with air raids followed by ground troops, Iraqi forces were quickly defeated and forced out of Kuwait • Iraq launched missile attacks at Israel and Saudi Arabia during the war • a cease fire was declared on February 28, 1991 • following the defeat, Hussein remained in power

24. September 11, 2001 • conflicts in the Middle East, primarily U.S. involvement in these conflicts, led to an increase in terrorist activities • one of these groups, called Al Qaeda, sought to bring about the end of the United States • their leader was Osama Bin Laden • Al Qaeda planned to use airplanes as offensive weapons by flying them into important American buildings in New York and Washington D.C.

25. September 11, 2001 • the attacks: • at 8:46 AM, the first hijacked plane was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center • at 9:03 AM, a second plane was flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center • both buildings eventually collapsed • at 9:37 AM, a third plane was flown into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. • a fourth plane, believed to be heading for the Capitol Building, crashed into a field in Shanksville, PA after passengers on the plane fought back against the terrorists

26. September 11, 2001 • following the attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush declared the World Trade Center site as Ground Zero • more than 2,990 people were killed in the attacks • memorials have been established at all three crash sites

27. The Post 9/11 World • after the attacks of 9/11, President Bush declared a war on terrorism in which the United States pledged to fight terrorism all over the world and any country that harbored terrorists • the war on terror began in the country of Afghanistan in October, 2001 • the rulers of Afghanistan, a fundamentalist Muslim group called the Taliban, had allowed Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda to plan and train for the attacks in their country

28. The Post 9/11 World • when the Taliban refused to hand over Bin Laden, the U.S., along with help from Great Britain and some other allies, invaded the country • the Taliban was removed and it was attempted to establish a democratic government • Hamid Karzai was appointed by the U.S. as president of Afghanistan and elections were held in 2004 • on May 2, 2011, Osama Bin Laden was located and killed in Pakistan • fighting continues between U.S. and Al Qaeda forces in the country today

29. Another War in Iraq • a key part of the war on terrorism was to go after countries who sponsored, or in Iraq’s case, might possibly sponsor continued terrorist attacks against the United States • following 9/11, it was suspected that Saddam Hussein, still dictator in Iraq, was developing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and could possibly deliver these weapons into the hands of terrorist groups like Al Qaeda • these are weapons that are chemical, biological, or even nuclear that can cause massive damage easily • Hussein had already used chemical weapons against Iran and his own people during the 1980s

30. Another War in Iraq • following the first war in Iraq in 1991, the United Nations had placed many sanctions on Iraq regarding the types of weapons they could have • U.S. and British intelligence insisted that Hussein was still stockpiling WMDs in Iraq • the U.N. sent weapons inspectors to the country from November of 2002 to March of 2003 who reported that Iraq had no WMDs • the governments of the United States and Great Britain felt otherwise and invaded the country anyway on March 20, 2003 in what was known as Operation Iraqi Freedom

31. Another War in Iraq • following the invasion by U.S. and British forces, Saddam Hussein went into hiding • he was captured on December 13, 2003 • following a trial for crimes against humanity, he would be executed by hanging on December 30, 2006 • despite numerous violations of UN weapons treaties, no major stockpiles of WMDs were ever found in Iraq • in January of 2005, real democratic elections were held in Iraq and it was hoped a new constitution would be written • the second war against Iraq ended with the official withdrawal of the last U.S. troops in December 2011