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HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET. Some sources . Summary of information obtained from Websites such as: Hobbes ’ Internet Timeline What is the Internet? History of Internet http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/. Beginnings of communication revolution.

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HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

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  1. HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

  2. Some sources Summary of information obtained from Websites such as: • Hobbes’ Internet Timeline • What is the Internet? • History of Internet • http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/

  3. Beginnings of communication revolution • 1836: Telegraph invented, Morse Code developed • 1858-1866: Transatlantic cables laid, allowing direct and instantaneous communication across the Atlantic. • 1876: Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

  4. Question How is each of these inventions / developments relevant to the development of the Internet? • Telegraph • Transatlantic cables • Telephone

  5. Answer (1) • Morse Code uses a system of dots and dashes. Particular sequences of dots and dashes represent letters of the alphabet, much as digital communication uses series of digits (0 and 1) based on the binary system.

  6. Answer (2) • Transatlantic cables today connect all continents and are still a main hub of telecommunications.

  7. Answer (3) • Telephone wires and exchanges provide the backbone of Internet connections today. Modems provide Digital to Audio conversions to allow computers to connect over the telephone network.

  8. Beginnings of Global Communication • The USSR launches Sputnik - first artificial earth satellite, heralding the start of global telecommunications. Satellites play an important role in transmitting data today. • In response, the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish an American lead in science and technology applicable to the military.

  9. Development of Networks 1962 - 1968 • The Internet first conceived • ARPA grows into small network (ARPANET) intended to promote the sharing of super-computers amongst researchers in the United States. • Technology first developed for military purposes • First generation of networking hardware and software designed

  10. Birth of the Internet 1969 First node activated at UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles), closely followed by nodes at Stanford Research Institute, UCSB (University of California at Santa Barbara) and University of Utah.

  11. Development of Internet (1) 1970 – 1973 • ALOHANET developed at the University of Hawaii • ARPANET becomes high-speed digital post office for collaboration on research projects and discussion • Number of hosts grows to 23, connecting universities and government research centres around the U.S.A.

  12. Development of Internet (2) 1970 – 1973 • The InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) becomes the first of several standards-setting entities to govern the growing network. • Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman of the INWG, and later becomes known as the ‘Father of the Internet.’ • ARPANET goes international with connections to London and Norway.

  13. Commercialisation of the Internet • 1974: Bolt, Beranek and Newman open Telenet (Telnet) - first commercial version and public data service of the ARPANET. • 1974 – 1981: ARPANET moves away from military/research roots, general public gets first hint of how networked computers can be used in daily life. • 1976: Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email message.

  14. Public groups • 1979: Newsgroups and listservs are born - Users from all over the world join these discussion groups to talk about the Net, politics, religion and thousands of other subjects. • The first MUD (Multiuser Dungeon) interactive multi-user sites are introduced, making it possible for the development of interactive adventure games, board games, and rich and detailed databases.

  15. Internet language • 1982: The term Internet is used for the first time. • 1982 – 1983: TCP/IP becomes the universal language of the Internet - for the first time the loose collection of networks that make up the ARPANET is seen as an ‘Internet’– a connected set of networks (specifically those using TCP/IP), and the Internet as we know it today is born.

  16. Development of Personal Computer industry Mid-1980s: • A boom in the personal computer (PC) • Combination of inexpensive desktop machines and powerful, network-ready servers allows many companies to join the Internet for the first time. • Corporations begin to use the Internet to communicate with each other and with their customers.

  17. Development of Names 1983 - 1984 • Number of Internet hosts breaks 1,000 =>difficult to remember exact paths • Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced. Instead of a domain number like 123.456.789.10, it is easier to remember something like www.myuniversity.mydept.mynetwork.mycountry (e.g., www.cs.cf.ac.uk).

  18. Development of Terms • 1984: William Gibson coins the term cyberspace in his novel Neuromancer. • 1988 - 1989: • Internet Chat Relay (IRC) developed. • Privacy and security in digital world threatened • New words, such as hacker, cracker and electronic break-in, are coined • Nov. 1, 1988: malicious programme called "Internet Worm" unleashed, temporarily disabling approximately 6,000 of the 60,000 Internet hosts

  19. Birth of the World Wide Web • 1991: TheWorld Wide Web is born Computer code of the WWW • has ability to combine words, pictures, sound • is first posted by Tim Berners-Lee. • 1992: The term surfing the Internet is coined by Jean Armour Polly.

  20. Development of Graphical browsers (1) • 1991: A team at University of Minnesota, led by computer programmer Mark MaCahill, releases Gopher, the first point-and-click way of navigating the files of the Internet. Gopher provides user-friendly interface to the Internet. MaCahill calls it "the first Internet application my mom can use.“ • 1993: Mosaic, the first graphics-based Web browser with a friendly interface, becomes available.

  21. Development of Graphical browsers (2) • 1994:Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark form Netscape Communications Corp. and develop Netscape. • By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White House, Japan's Prime Minister, the United Kingdom’s Treasury, shopping malls and banks, and Pizza Hut go online. On the cultural front, the Rolling Stones broadcast the Voodoo Lounge tour over the Internet.

  22. Development of Graphical browsers (3) 1996: • Users in almost 150 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet. • WWW browser war begins, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, rushing in a new age in software development.

  23. Wide applications of the Internet • By 1994: The U.S. Senate and White House, Japan's Prime Minister, the United Kingdom’s Treasury, shopping malls and banks, and Pizza Hut go online. On the cultural front, the Rolling Stones broadcast the Voodoo Lounge tour over the Internet.

  24. Continued growth of the Internet • 1997 – 2002: Statistics for July 2002 (at http://www.netsizer.com/) show that there are about 194.1 million hosts to date – with two new hosts and 5 users being recorded every second! (Running counter recording additions in real time.)

  25. World Internet Usage (1) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (stats obtained 2003/2004) 1 December 2004

  26. World Internet Usage (2) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (stats obtained 2003/2004) 1 December 2004

  27. Internet Usage in Malaysia  http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm (stats obtained 2003/2004) 1 December 2004

  28. COUNTRIES WITH HIGHESTNUMBER OF INTERNET USERS (stats obtained 2003/2004) 1 December 2004

  29. Additional slides How does the evolution of the Internet impact on language and communication?

  30. Early Internet – Gopher-based • Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) • Drill and Practice on discrete items (Objective format) • Text-based (electronic page turner?) • Spell and Style Checkers

  31. 1st Generation WWW • Multimedia • Various font styles • Colours • Layouts • Sounds • Animation • Hypertexts How does this influence language use?

  32. 2nd Generation Web • Ability to incorporate Flash • PDF (Portable Document Format) files • Streaming audio • Streaming video • Posting of Power Point files • Improved interactivity • Synchronous and asynchronous communication

  33. Web pages become highly “fleeting, dynamic, multilayered, multi-fragmented, and hybridized” (Squire, 2005)

  34. 3rd Generation Web • Three-dimensional (depth, height and breadth) • Televisual and cinematic effect • Fast download through broadband infrastructure

  35. Consider applications and communication tools made possible by the Internet and the WWW. Compare the language used in the different applications.

  36. Examples:1. E-mails2. ICQ / IRC3. Electronic Bulletin Board4. Weblog5. Wiki

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