Chapter 5 – Groups and Trends

Chapter 5 – Groups and Trends

Alkali Metals, Group 1 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Alkaline Earth Metals, Group 2 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Halogens, Group 17 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Noble Gases, Group 18 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Chalcogens, Group 16 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Pnicogens, Group 15 H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Lanthanide Series H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er La Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

Actinide Series H He Ne Li O F N Be B C Ar S Al P Na Si Cl Mg Sc Ca Mn Co Cu Se K Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga As Br V Ge Kr Y Sr Tc Rh Ag Te Rb Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd In Sb Nb Sn Xe I La Ba Re Ir Au Po At Cs Hf W Os Pt Hg Tl Bi Ta Pb Rn Fr Ra Ac Nd Pr Gd Dy Er La Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb Sm Lu U Pa Cm Cf Fm La Th Np Am Bk Es Md No Pu Lr

H 2.1 Li 1.0 Be 1.5 B 2.0 C 2.5 N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Na 0.9 Mg 1.2 Al 1.5 Si 1.8 P 2.1 S 2.5 Cl 3.0 K 0.8 Ca 1.0 Sc 1.3 Ti 1.5 V 1.6 Cr 1.6 Mn 1.5 Fe 1.8 Co 1.8 Ni 1.8 Cu 1.9 Zn 1.7 Ga 1.6 Ge 1.8 As 2.0 Se 2.4 Br 2.8 Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0 Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Nb 1.6 Mo 1.8 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 Ag 1.9 Cd 1.7 In 1.7 Sn 1.8 Sb 1.9 Te 2.1 I 2.5 * Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 La 1.1 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 W 1.7 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 Au 2.4 Hg 1.9 Tl 1.8 Pb 1.8 Bi 1.9 Po 2.0 At 2.2 y Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Ac 1.1 * Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3 y Actinides: 1.3 - 1.5 Below 1.0 2.0 - 2.4 1.0 - 1.4 2.5 - 2.9 1.5 - 1.9 3.0 - 4.0 Electronegativities 1A 8A 1 1 3A 5A 7A 2A 4A 6A 2 2 3 3 2B 4B 6B 8B 1B 3B 5B 7B Period 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373

= 1 Angstrom 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.52 1.11 1.86 1.60 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 2.31 1.97 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 2.44 2.15 2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46 Atomic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li Be C N O B F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ge As Se Br Ga Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba Pb Tl Bi

Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm) 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Li Be C N O B F 0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064 0.1.52 0.111 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl 0.186 0.160 0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099 K Ca Ge As Se Br Ga 0.231 0.197 0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I 0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.244 0.215 Cs Ba At Pb Tl Po Bi 0.262 0.217 0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140 LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA N3- Li1+ Be2+ Li O2- F1- = 1 Angstrom Be C N O B F 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.71 1.40 1.36 1.52 1.11 0.60 0.31 Na Na1+ Mg2+ S2- Cl1- Al3+ Mg Al Si P S Cl 0.95 0.65 1.86 1.60 0.50 1.84 1.81 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 K Ca Se2- Br1- Ge As Se Br Ga Ga3+ K1+ Ca2+ 2.31 1.97 1.33 0.99 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 0.62 1.98 1.85 Rb Sr Te2- I1- In In3+ Sn Sb Te I Rb1+ Sr2+ 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 0.81 2.21 2.16 2.44 2.15 1.48 1.13 Cs Ba Pb Tl Tl3+ Cs1+ Bi Ba2+ 2.62 2.17 1.69 1.35 0.95 1.71 1.75 1.46 = 1 Angstrom Atomic Radii Ionic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

Ionization Energies 18 Group 1 H 1312 He 2372 Symbol First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) Mg 738 1 1 13 15 17 2 14 16 Li 520 Be 900 B 801 C 1086 N 1402 O 1314 F 1681 Ne 2081 2 2 Na 496 Mg 738 Al 578 Si 787 P 1012 S 1000 Cl 1251 Ar 1521 3 3 12 4 6 8 9 10 11 3 5 7 Period K 419 Ca 590 Sc 633 Ti 659 V 651 Cr 653 Mn 717 Fe 762 Co 760 Ni 737 Cu 746 Zn 906 Ga 579 Ge 762 As 947 Se 941 Br 1140 Kr 1351 4 4 Rb 403 Sr 550 Y 600 Zr 640 Nb 652 Mo 684 Tc 702 Ru 710 Rh 720 Pd 804 Ag 731 Cd 868 In 558 Sn 709 Sb 834 Te 869 I 1008 Xe 1170 5 5 * Cs 376 Ba 503 La 538 Hf 659 Ta 761 W 770 Re 760 Os 839 Ir 878 Pt 868 Au 890 Hg 1007 Tl 589 Pb 716 Bi 703 Po 812 At -- Rn 1038 6 6 y Uuu -- Uub -- Uut -- Uuq -- Uup -- Uuo -- Fr -- Ra 509 Ac 490 Rf -- Db -- Sg -- Bh -- Hs -- Mt -- Ds -- 7 * Ce 534 Pr 527 Nd 533 Pm 536 Sm 545 Eu 547 Gd 592 Tb 566 Dy 573 Ho 581 Er 589 Tm 597 Yb 603 Lu 523 Lanthanide series y Th 587 Pa 570 U 598 Np 600 Pu 585 Am 578 Cm 581 Bk 601 Cf 608 Es 619 Fm 627 Md 635 No 642 Lr -- Actinide series

Summary of Periodic Trends Shielding is constant Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases Electronegativity increases Nuclear charge increases 1A 0 Nuclear charge increases Shielding increases Atomic radius increases Ionic size increases Ionization energy decreases Electronegativity decreases 5A 2A 3A 4A 6A 7A Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions) decreases decreases

Chapter 5 – Groups and Trends