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Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional. ( Materi 4). THE LAW OF WAR. Aim : ''To limit and alleviate as much as possible the calamities of war''. THE LAW OF WAR. BASIC PRINCIPLES Humanity Proportionality Distinction Military Necessity Limitation. 1) Humanity.

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Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional

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  1. Prinsip-prinsipHukum Humaniter Internasional (Materi 4)

  2. THE LAW OF WAR Aim : ''To limit and alleviate as much as possible the calamities of war'' THE LAW OF WAR BASIC PRINCIPLES • Humanity • Proportionality • Distinction • Military Necessity • Limitation

  3. 1) Humanity • Pihak yg bersengketa harus perhatikan asas perikemanusiaan • Pelarangan atas sarana & metode berperang yg tdk penting bagi tercapainya suatu keuntungan militer • “..penangkapan lebih diutamakan drpd melukai musuh; & melukai musuh adl lebih baik drpd membunuhnya; bhw non-kombatan hrs dijauhkan sedapat mgk dr arena pertempuran...” • Ketentuan utk memberikan bantuan tanpa diskriminasi kpd org yg terluka di medan perang

  4. PT I psl 57-2.(a) (iii) KESEIMBANGAN

  5. PT 1/1977 ps 48; 52.2; 57; 44.3

  6. Prinsip Pembedaan • Ps. 48 PT I/1977 • Agar dpt dijamin penghormatan & perlindungan thd penduduk sipil & obyek sipil, Pihak2 dlm sengketa setiap saat hrs membedakan penduduk sipil dr kombatan & antara obyek sipil & sasaran militer & krn-nya hrs mengarahkan operasinya hanya thd sasaran2 militer saja

  7. PT 1 ps 52.2

  8. PT I/1977, ps 52.2; 57.2

  9. Obyek sipil hanya bisa jd sasaran militer jika (PT I/1977, ps 52.2): • Obyek tsb telah memberikan kontribusi efektif bagi tindakan militer pihak musuh • Tindakan penghancuran, atau penangkapan atau perlucutan thd obyek tsb memang akan memberikan suatu keuntungan militer yg seharusnya bagi pihak yg akan melakukan tindakan • Sasaran yg dipilih adl yg mengakibatkan bahaya yg plg kecil bagi nyawa orang & obyek sipil (PT I/1977, ps. 57.2)

  10. PT 1/1977 ps 35

  11. Limitation

  12. FIGHT ONLY ENEMY OBJECTS BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION

  13. LIMITS ON PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN HOSTILITIES PREVENT CHILDREN UNDER 15 FROM DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES. PROHIBIT THEIR RECRUITMENT Additional Protocol I, art 77 PROHIBIT RECRUITMENT AND DIRECT OR INDIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES BY CHILDREN UNDER 15 Additional Protocol II

  14. OPTIONAL PROTOCOL ON INVOLVEMENTOF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT, 2000 • NO DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES BY MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES BELOW 18 • NO COMPULSORY RECRUITMENT IN ARMED FORCES OF PERSONS BELOW 18 • VOLUNTARY RECRUITMENT: ONLY OF THOSE ABOVE 15 • ARMED GROUPS NOT TO RECRUIT OR USE IN HOSTILITIES PERSONS BELOW 18 RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN BELOW 15  WAR CRIMES (Rome Statute, art.8)

  15. COMBATANTS ? BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION

  16. PROTECT - DO NOT FIGHT BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Neutrals Works containing Dangerous forces Cultural property Wounded, sick and Those who have shipwrecked surrendered Civilian Populations Civil Defence Medical establishments

  17. 1. Protected object 2. Special Protection CULTURAL PROPERTY BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Historical Religious Cultural Museum

  18. CULTURAL PROPERTY BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Withdrawal of Immunity ? Only in exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity Only for such time as necessity continues Special Protection - Withdrawal by divisional commander only

  19. Medical Units, Personnel and Resources BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Used exclusively for searching for, collection, transport, treatment of wounded and sick, and prevention of diseases

  20. Civil Defence Shall be allowed to do their work May be verified Light Arms SPECIALLY PROTECTED PERSONS BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION

  21. PROPORTIONALITY must be applied THE BASIC RULES • Attack only military targets • Avoid incidental loss or damage to civilians or civilian objects • Give advance warning to civilians (if possible, without losing advantage) REFRESHER Basic Issues Means and methods of warfare is NOT UNLIMITED

  22. CONDUCT OF ATTACK • Only against military objects - clearly identified, designated and assigned • Choice of attack must ensure least danger to civilians • Direction and movement of attack must limit collateral damage to civilians • Choice of weapons - depends on desired effect • Advanced warning - if tactical situation allows • Withdrawal of immunity of protected objects • Cancel attack if it appears not to be military target

  23. CONDUCT OF DEFENCE • Shall be outside of populated areas • Civilains and civilian objects to be removed • Counter-attack - as for attack • Civilians must be moved to localities they know and presents no danger to them • Civilian objects moved to location outside military ops • Give advanced warning to civilians if tactical situation allows • Withdrawal of immunity on cultural objects - as for attack

  24. MOVEMENTS AND LOCATION Move through or close to populated areas as rapidly as possible Stoppages should be outside populated areas. If unavoidable - for as short a time as possible or in less densely populated areas

  25. LOCALITIES AND ZONES - SPECIAL PROTECTION All Protected Localities and Zones must be clearly marked visible from the air and ground Armed forces to be given clear instructions regarding leaving, taking over, as well as combat close to zone

  26. LOCALITIES AND ZONES - SPECIAL PROTECTION Military operations shall be kept at an appropriate distance from such protected zones Such protected zones shall not be established near any military activity or object

  27. ? Questions

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