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Gender and Economics. 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana. Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Montana celia.winkler@umontana.edu. Employment & Earnings.
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Gender and Economics 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Montana celia.winkler@umontana.edu
Employment & Earnings Employment & Earnings Wage Gap Education
Labor Force Participation Working Labor Force Participation Job Clustering Child Care
Labor Force Participation Richland County
Work Time http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2487879/Women-work-harder-men-especially-Italy-11-hours-week.html
Poverty Individuals Children Retirement
Measuring Poverty • In the U.S., the poverty threshold is a historical artifact, based on a 1964 study that found that households spent 1/3 of their income on food, on average. • The 1964 poverty line was 3 times the cost of the “thrifty” food basket. • Since then, it has been adjusted according to increases in the cost of living • Several proposals to change this measure to take into account both differential costs and benefits available in various regions of the country.
Poverty Thresholds United States Poverty Thresholds 2013
Poverty Thresholds ½ Median: $13,499 Poverty Line: $12,119
Poverty: Individuals United States
Poverty: Women Relative Poverty Rates among Women, mid-2000s
Poverty: Individuals Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates
Poverty: United States https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/hstpov7.xls