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UAS in the NAS: Transitioning from Manned to Unmanned Operations

UAS in the NAS: Transitioning from Manned to Unmanned Operations. Jessica A. Belzer. [1] HD-COCKPIT SCENES. (2013, March 11). “maxresdfault.jpg” in Private Pilot-EP-3 Spins Spirals (GO PRO) [Online]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7blf9o0AEQM [November 12, 2013].

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UAS in the NAS: Transitioning from Manned to Unmanned Operations

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  1. UAS in the NAS: Transitioning from Manned to Unmanned Operations Jessica A. Belzer [1] HD-COCKPIT SCENES. (2013, March 11). “maxresdfault.jpg” in Private Pilot-EP-3 Spins Spirals (GO PRO) [Online]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7blf9o0AEQM [November 12, 2013]. [2] K. Laborde. (2006, March 21). “pilotatconsole.jpg” in NOAA Missions Now Use Unmanned Aircraft Systems [Online]. Available: http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag193.htm [November 12 2013].

  2. Introduction • Current state of UAS in the NAS • The path to integration • Class G as the first step • Current work Joint University Program

  3. Current State of UAS in the NAS • July 2013: Restricted Category Type Certificates- Insitu’s Scan Eagle X200, AeroVironment’s PUMA • September 2013- First commercial operation flight Joint University Program

  4. Expanded Operations • Operations have been opened to the commercial sector • Operation in National Airspace creates interaction with General Aviation traffic • Preservation of Safety [3] W.B. (2012, May 29). “galair_cessna1521.jpg” in Cessna 152 Review [Online]. Available: http://captwesb.wordpress.com/2012/05/29/cessna-152-review-5/ [November 12, 2013]. [4] G. Warwick (2013, July 26). “ScanEagle-Boeing2.jpg” in FAA Type Certifies First UAS for Commercial Operations [Online]. Available: http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_07_26_2013_p01-01-601023.xml [November 12, 2013]. (Courtesy of Boeing). [5] Ultra Flight Radio “AirspaceUFR.jpg’ in U.S. Airspaces at a Glance [Online]. Available: http://www.ultraflightradio.com/segmenthelp/operating-in-class-d-airspace.html [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  5. The Path to Integration • Class G • Class E • Class D • Class C • Class B • Class A [5] [5]- See previous. [6] AvStop Online Magazine “fig8_3.jpg” in Chapter 8: Airspace Classification and Requirements [Online]. Available: http://avstop.com/ac/power_parachute/chapter8_1.html [November 12, 2013]. [7] N. Goyer “warrior-in-air.jpg” in Cessna 172 vs. the Piper Warrior [Online]. Available: http://www.acmp.com/blog/cessna-172-vs-the-piper-warrior.html [November 12, 2013]. [8] American Aviation “cessna_caravan.jpg” in American Aviation Homepage [Online]. Available: http://www.americanaviation.com/cessnaService.htm [November 12, 2013]. [9] British Airways “Boeing_744_05.jpg” in Boeing 747-400 [Online]. Available: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/boeing-747-400/public/en_gb# [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  6. The Path to Integration • Increased operational and equipage requirements per airspace • Decreased need for in-cockpit pilot supplementary interface Note: Created by Jessica Belzer in reference to FAR/AIM- AIM Ch. 3 Joint University Program

  7. Class G as the First Step • Uncontrolled- has not been designated Class A,B,C,D, or E • Varying dimensions • No radar coverage • Aircraft types: Balloons, Gliders, GA Aircraft, Ultralight Aircraft, UAS • VFR only Joint University Program

  8. Class G as the First Step • Scan Eagle • Surveillance operations: • Ice tracking • Whale migrations • Other marine mammal migrations • Operation on behalf of ConocoPhillips [4] [4] See previous. [10] ConocoPhillips “SMID_436_COPWhiteRed.jpg” in ConocoPhillips Logos [Online]. Available: http://www.conocophillips.com/newsroom/corporate-logos-standards/Pages/conocophillips-logos.aspx [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  9. Example Scenario 1:St. Lawrence Island “The St. Lawrence island village receives most of its supplies by air.” -Alaska Dispatch “RY CONDITION NOT MONITORED; RECOMMEND VISUAL INSPECTIONS PRIOR TO LANDING.” -Airnav: PASA [11] C. Medred, L. Holmes. (2012, August 29). “Photos: Daily Life on Alaska’s St. Lawrence Island” [Online]. Available: http://www.alaskadispatch.com/slideshow/photos-daily-life-alaskas-st-lawrence-island [November 12, 2013]. [12] AirNav.com (2013, October 17). “PASA Savoonga Airport” [Online]. Available: http://www.airnav.com/airport/PASA [November 13, 2013]. [13] Google Maps (2013, November 13). “Savoonga , AK” [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/maps [November 13, 2013]. [14] B. Webster “IMG_1208.jpg” in Gambell and St. Lawrence Island August 2001 [Online]. Available: http://xpda.com/alaska3/ [November 13, 2013]. [15] L. Holmes “lh-st-lawrence-1.jpg” in Photos: Daily Life on Alaska’s St. Lawrence Island [Online]. Available: http://www.alaskadispatch.com/slideshow/photos-daily-life-alaskas-st-lawrence-island [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  10. Example Scenario 1: St. Lawrence Island • Remote, but populated area is still a factor (in vicinity)- GA traffic is a factor • Wildlife endangerment/pollution • Additional visual information required for landing • Who will insure these operations? • Market will continue to expand, leading to commercial operators. Joint University Program

  11. Example Scenario 2:Northern Idaho • hfhfh [16] Google Maps (2013, November 13). “Bonners Ferry , ID” [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/maps [November 13, 2013]. [17] Anonymous. (2011, August 15). “737902.jpg” in Kent Peak [Online]. Available: http://www.network54.com/Forum/105717/thread/1313435296/Kent+Peak+(with+pictures!) [November 13, 2013]. [18] Zillow.com “IS-1k7ug7eftq0d9.jpg” in 3358 Highland Flats Rd, Naples, ID [Online]. Available: http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/3358-Highland-Flats-Rd-Naples-ID-83847/104621008_zpid/ [November 13, 2013]. Joint University Program

  12. Example Scenario 2: Northern Idaho • Two additional airports in close proximity- GA traffic • Reduced visibility due to terrain • Wildlife endangerment/pollution • Rough terrain • Chance of wildfire [19] C. Walsh “41248_4c417594b0f511.48339941_fulll.jpg” in NNA FS Rd 397B Bonners Ferry, ID.[Online]. Available: http://www.bonners10.com/ [November 12,2013]. [20] J. Sullivan “REU-USA-FIREYOSEMITE-4-760x506.jpg” in California’s Rim fire has burned more than 230 square miles. [Online]. Available: http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2013/08/western-wildfires-continue-to-burn-out-of-control/#1 [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  13. UAS-Unique Considerations • Class G UAS operations • Environmental: • Damage to ground-based property • Fire Hazard (Areas where floors of Class E are high) • Pollution risk- irretrievability, chance of “discard” • Cost: • Compensation for damages • Destruction/loss of UA [21] M. Daly (2013, June 4). “firefighters.jpg” in Forest Service To Hire 500 Fewer Firefighters As Wildfire Season Begins [Online]. Available: http://denver.cbslocal.com/2013/06/04/forest-service-to-hire-500-fewer-firefighters/ [November 12, 2013]. (Courtesy of CBS) [22] Predator B Reaper” Unmanned Aerial Vehicle crash in Arizona, 2006 (Courtesy of NTSB) Joint University Program

  14. Emergency Conditions and Recovery • Credit is largely given to pilot, and training • Difference between “in cockpit” pilot and remotely piloted • System interface capability • Response • Endangerment • Lives on board • Secondary aircraft lives • People on ground [23] K. Alfred )2013, March 22). “kc_plane329822x014_t940.jpg” in Emergency Landing on SR 125 [Online]. Available: http://www.utsandiego.com/photos/2013/mar/22/971970/ [November 12, 2013]. Joint University Program

  15. Fragility in the Crossover • Reduced ability to avoid emergency conditions • Delayed identification of failure • Reduced ability to compensate for failure • Reduced reaction time • Reduced capacity of surveyable area • Reduced ability to divide attention • Decreased ability to recover aircraft Joint University Program

  16. Current Research Approach • Analysis of failure modes and recovery strategies • Examination of equipage of GA aircraft and the equipment crossover to a UAS • Examination of failures- GA and UAS • Identification and study of General Aviation aircraft recovery strategies that do not cross over into UAS operations • Fault Tree Analysis Joint University Program

  17. Fault Tree Analysis P(fatal accident) = 10-6 per flight hour 75x10-8 2x10-8 5x10-8 4x10-8 3x10-8 11x10-8 Flight Crew Maintenance Weather ATC Miscellaneous Aircraft ••• 10-9 10-9 10-9 Sub-System 1 Sub-System 2 ••••• Sub-System 100 ICAO, “Statistical Analysis Suggests Rise in Airline Accident Rate,” Safety Study, ICAO Journal, October 1990. Joint University Program

  18. Questions [24] AeroVironment “puma_ae_web.jpg” in UAS: RQ-20A Puma AE [Online]. Available: http://www.avinc.com/uas/small_uas/puma/ [November 12, 2013]. [4] See previous. Joint University Program

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