Will Ivancic NASA Glenn Research Center william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov http:// roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic /

1. Network Centric Operations Research Secure Mobile NetworkingSWIM Demonstrations and Prototypes Technical Interchange Meeting November 9, 2011 Will Ivancic NASA Glenn Research Center william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/

2. Goal or Today’s Participation? • Gain a better understanding of the current state of SWIM and the future plans, directions and needs. • Determine what expertise and technologies the Networks and Architectures Branch of NASA Glenn Research Center might be applicable to future demonstrations and prototyping. • Provide some insight into what NASA GRC has done and is currently doing in regarding Aeronautics and Space-based Network Centric Operations. • Provide some insight into NASA GRC’s capabilities and facilities – particularly regarding: • The Airport Surface Wireless Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Test Bed at Cleveland Hopkins • Aircraft Access to SWIM (AAtS)

3. Secure Mobile Networking in an Operational Setting US Coast Guard Cutter Neah Bay – Cleveland, Ohio

4. Use and Deployments • 1st Demonstrated August 23 & November 6, 2002 • Used in operational setting July – Sept 2003 • New York and Boston Harbor • NY had no land line • Boston land line was poor – switched to satellite • Used Oct – Nov 2003 at shipyard during maintenance • 802.11b at 11 Mbps

5. PROXY USCG INTRANET 10.x.x.x Encrypted Network Data Transfers Dock Encryption Mobile LAN 10.x.x.x EAST WEST INTERNET FIREWALL FA - Detroit Encryption EAST WEST HA Dock FA Cleveland 802.11b link Public Address USCG Officer’s Club

6. NASA NREN IPv6 Intranet Monitoring Points Globalstar IPv4 Mobile LAN IPv6 Mobile Networking Demonstration Nov 2004 to CIO of DOD IPv6 Mobile Router Z T-Mobile 4-to-6 Tunnel 6-to-4 (DOOR) 6-to-4 (DOOR) IPv6 Mobile LAN Remote Controlled Webcam IPv6 Network IPv4 Public Internet Corresponding Public Node 6-to-4 Tunnel CNS IPv6 Intranet Z GRC Open Network (DMZ) 6-to-4 Tunnel IPv6 Web Server Glenn Research Center IPv6 Web Server IPv6 Web Server Eurocontrol IPv6 Intranet IPv6 Home Agent 6-to-4 (DOG)

7. Aeronautics-Based Network Centric Operations Research

8. UAS Integration in the NAS • Communications Sub-Project • Project Engineer: Jim Griner • Deputy Sub Project Manager for GRC: Bob Kerczewski • Goal: Partner with industry to develop and test a prototype commercial UAS command and control communication system consistent with RTCA SC-203 defined vision and architectural concepts. Provide data and recommendations regarding future policy and guidance Milestones: FY11 Provide Spectrum Inputs to WP5B of WRC FY12 C2 frequency band propagation in a relevant environment complete FY13 Development of C2 system prototype equipment complete FY14 Validation of security mitigations in relevant environment complete FY15 Performance testing of C2 System in relevant environment complete FY16 C2 system performance testing in mixed traffic environment (Flight Test 4) FY16 Large scale simulations of candidate C2 technologies and their impact on air traffic capacity complete • Security, Security, Security • Security is the key to everything • But its hard • ITAR make is very difficult to address internationally • Need one system for both the National and Global Airspace Systems

9. NASA-FAMS Air-to-Ground Communications Systems Partnership • Objectives • Develop a communications capability satisfying the operational needs of the Federal Air Marshal Service involving aircraft platforms • Capability: Fully realized, deployable and useable end-to-end solution • Aircraft Platforms: Communications within an aircraft and between other air and ground contacts FAMS Air-to-Ground Communication System Emulator • Approach • Develop AGCS technology Roadmap identifying services, technology maturity, and gaps • Work with specific commercial systems/vendors to ensure FAMS comm requirements are integrated • Develop comm prototypes, perform lab evaluations to assess and validate performance • Develop a public/private partnership plan for implementing the FAMS air/ground communication system Key Milestones 4/1/08 Deliver AGCS technology Roadmap 11/1/08 Complete Flight tests of InmarsatSatcom system 3/1/09 Complete installation of emulated air/ground communication system on FAMS trainer aircraft 6/1/09 Complete FAMS Public/Private Partnership Plan 3/1/10 Complete FAMS Communication Device EMI testing at FAA Technical Center 3/1/10 Deliver 26 Air-to-Ground Comm System Emulators 12/31/11 Complete FAMS Device-to-Device prototype and perform EMI testing at FAA Tech Center Partners DHS Science & Technology, DHS Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)

10. ICAO Endorsed Future CommunicationsStudy Technology Recommendations(what has become AeroMACS) Future Communications Study, ICAO Aeronautical Communications Panel, Recommendation #1:Develop a new system based on the IEEE 802.16e standard operating in the C-band and supporting the airport surface environment. Europe Today’s Focus Common Shortlist United States Continental Continental B-AMC B-AMC P34/TIA-902 P34/TIA-902 Custom Satellite LDL LDL AMACS AMACS Oceanic / Remote Oceanic / Remote Inmarsat SBB Inmarsat SBB Custom Satellite Custom Satellite Airport Airport IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16e

11. Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) • Objectives • Participate in the development of a Wireless Airport Communications System for use in the National Airspace System • Support technology profile development and standardization in national and international forums • Develop, test and validate wireless communications technology utilizing NASA GRC Communications Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) test bed • Approach • Utilize GRC CNS test bed to validate wireless system performance for fixed and mobility nodes • Conduct technology interference analysis utilizing propagation tools • Test system performance with operational applications in GRC CNS test bed • Utilize collected test data to support technology standardization activities • RTCA Special Committee (SC-223) • AeroMACS profile development • Minimum Operational Performance Standards • Action Plan 30 Future Communications Infrastructure • Joint Eurocontrol - FAA/NASA recommendations to NextGen Program, SESAR, ICAO on WIMAX • Potential Mobile Applications • ATC Communications with any aircraft anywhere • Airport operations • Investigate network capabilities for AeroMACS to support AOC applications and Aircraft Access to SWIM (AAtS) • Potential Fixed Applications • Sensor data collection/dissemination for situational awareness • Network enabled Weather Data

12. NASA-Cleveland Test Bed AeroMACS Network Layout GRC B500 SS NASA Glenn Research Center GRC B4 BS & Backhaul AZ =55° ° Private Hangar SS Subscriber Stations AZ= 200° GRC B110 Core Server & Backhaul AZ = 45° AZ = 295° ARFF BS & Backhaul Backhaul Consolidated Maintenance Facility SS Terminal C SS Snow Barn SS AZ = 185° Approach Lighting SS Glycol Tanks SS Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport Base Stations Core Server

13. AeroMACS Development – GRC • First (and still only) in the World AeroMACS Operational Prototype Testbed • First Networked Wireless Airport Surface Communications System interconnecting ASDE-X (Surface Multilateration) ground stations • First Networked Wireless Inter-Airport Communications System interconnecting three NE Ohio airports • First WiMAX-based multi-node network operating in new 5091-5150 MHZ spectrum allocationFirst AeroMACS mobile network demonstrations • First radar site integration demonstration using AeroMACS(current activity) • AeroMACS-aircraft connectivity demonstration (planned) • AeroMACSElectronic Flight Bag upload (planned) • AeroMACSFMS upload demonstration (planned) • AeroMACS-SWIM integration test and demonstration (planned) • AeroMACSWx sensor integration (planned)

14. Low Rate VHF • Reliable • Low Latency Destination Network (for Entertainment) How Do You Select and Implement the Routing Path? • High Speed SatCom Network • Globally Available • Affected by Weather • Higher Bandwidth • High Latency • High Cost • Low Speed SatCom Network • Globally Available • Low Bandwidth • High Latency • Very High Cost • Redundant Entertainment Mobile Network Command and Control Operations • High Speed Terrestrial • Not Available when Mobile • High Bandwidth • Low latency • Lower Cost • High Speed LOS Network • Globally Available • High Bandwidth • Low Latency • Lower Security • Moderate Cost Internet Destination Network (for Operations) Destination Network (for Command & Control) How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path?

15. Aviation Specific Issues • Safety of Life / Safety of Flight • Time-Critical command and control for Air Traffic Control • Fast convergence time is essential! • New radio link technologies are “uncertified” for Air Traffic Control / Air Operations Communications (ATC/AOC) • Regulatory requirements force network design • Three independent network domains • (required for regulatory, QoS, & security) • Passenger & In-Flight-Entertainment • Airline Operations • Air Traffic Control • Service providers may be authorized to carry one, two, or all services. • ATC will be a “closed network” • Multiple security and authentication architectures Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC5522: “Network Mobility Route Optimization Requirements for Operational Use in Aeronautics and Space Exploration Mobile Networks”

16. Network Partitioning by ServiceArchitecture Example NSPs/Airlines/Framers/Suppliers/etc • QoS & Security Service Levels for: • Network Control • Voice over IP • High Priority • Special Projects • General Purpose Security Perimeter Security Mgt PIES Networks are logically partitioned. Many logical networks share a common physical infrastructure. QoS can be managed by both network & flow Net-Mgt & Routing VOIP Network Infra. AOC ATC PIES Data Center Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing

17. Operations LAN (Avionics) Passenger Services Air Traffic Management LAN SATCOM AERO-1 Multiplexing at the Router Communication and Display SATCOM AERO-HH Mobile Network 1 VHF Voice/DATA Mobile Router HF Voice/DATA Mobile Network 2 NEM0-1 NEMO-2 NEMO-3 INMARSAT Swift 64 High-Rate Satellite Sensor Controller (Optional Display) WiFi Max Mobile Network 3 GateLink Cellular Future Links

18. Policy-Based Routing, Critical Link Active P-DATA Mobile Router High speed link P-DATA AOC Home Agent int1 Low latency link ATC AOC ATC int2 P-DATA Reliable link int3 ATC ATC Routing Policy Routing Policy

19. Policy-Based Routing, Passengers Link Active P-DATA High speed link P-DATA Mobile Router P-DATA P-DATA AOC ATC AOC Home Agent int1 P-DATA Low latency link ATC AOC int2 P-DATA Reliable link int3 ATC Routing Policy Routing Policy

20. Space-Based Network Centric Operations Research

21. GRC Network & Architectures Branch Our Facilities are Global and Beyond! • 1st to demonstrate and deploy secure mobile networking in an operational government network, the US Coast Guard • (Used SeaTel / Globalstar 8 muxed phone antenna system) • 1st and only group to deploy Mobile-IP Mobile networking on a space-based asset, the Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit (CLEO) • 1st to deploy Internet Protocol security (IPsec) and Internet Protocol version 6 (Ipv6) on a space-base asset. • 1st to deploy delay/disruption network technology bundling protocol in space. • 1st and only group to demonstrate space-based large file transfers over multiple ground stations using Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) bundling. Experiments exercised proactive and reactive bundle fragmentation and International interoperability using standard Internet protocols.

22. VMOC negotiates for Space Assets Network Control Center Configures Spacecraft via VMOC VMOC negotiates for ground station services Stored data transferred to ground (Large file transfer over multiple ground stations) Space Sensor acquires data (e.g. image) 7 6 3 5 2 2 4 Stored data transferred to ground 4 Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets 3 VMOC negotiates for ground station services 4 1 Seismic Sensor alerts VMOC Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets Sensor 4 Secure Autonomous Integrated Controller for Distributed Sensor Webs VMOC NOC NOC NOC

23. Network Configuration UK-DMC/CLEO US Army Space & Missile Defense Battle Lab Colorado Springs Experiments Workstation Satellite Scheduler & Controller National Institute for Information and Communication Technology (NICT) Koganei, Japan Multi-User Ground Station (MUGS) Colorado Springs, CO SSTL Guildford England Segovia NOC Open Internet VMOC-1 (GRC) Universal Space Networks Ground Network Alaska, Hawaii and Australia Home Agent (GRC) Database VMOC

24. Cisco Router in Low Earth Orbit(GRC/SSTL/CLEO IPv6/IPv4 Tunnels) 8.1Mbps from satellite 9600bps to satellite frame relay DLCI 17 – unencrypted ‘clear’ link IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IPv4 tunnel to Home Agent Mobile IPv4 native IPv4 6-over-4 tunnel for non-mobile IP traffic native IPv6 between routers PIX firewall 2621 router PIX firewall Secure VPN tunnel secured IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel over IPv4 IPsec Internet Cisco MAR 3251 on UK-DMC IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IP as above, if IPsec link is preferred and used instead IPv4 IPv4 IPv4 IPsec encryption between routers SSTL ground station LAN, carrying IPv4 and IPv6 over Ethernet NASA Glenn Home Agent frame relay DLCI 18 – encrypted link IPv6 IPv4 IPsec Mobile IPv4 tunnel Private 192.x addressing Private 192.x addressing Public addressing

25. International Multi-organizational Network Centric Operations “Proposed” Security Research • Intrusion Detection • Penetration Testing • Ground Rules • What Information will be shared regarding security implementations? • What degree of probing will be allowed? • What information will be shared regarding probing techniques? • What information will be shared regarding vulnerabilities found? • Leave Markers? • How and to whom will this information be reported?