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Measurement

Measurement. Neuman and Robson Ch. 6. What is it?. The process of creating measurable concrete variables from abstract concepts Extends the senses (empirical) Tends to be more of a concern for quantitative researchers. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Measurement Differences. Timing

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Measurement

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  1. Measurement Neuman and Robson Ch. 6

  2. What is it? • The process of creating measurable concrete variables from abstract concepts • Extends the senses (empirical) • Tends to be more of a concern for quantitative researchers

  3. Quantitative vs. QualitativeMeasurement Differences • Timing • Type of data collected • Linkage of concepts to data (pre-planned vs. reflective/interactive)

  4. The Measurement Process • Quantitative = deductive • Qualitative = inductive • Both involve conceptualization and operationalization

  5. Steps • identify concept of interest • develop conceptual definition • decide on units of analysis • operationalize to create a variable • links concept to measurement technique

  6. Process of Quantitative Operationalization:

  7. Process of Qualitative Operationalization: Empirical Observations Working Ideas Concepts Generalizations/Theories

  8. Reliability and Validity • Reliability = the consistency or dependency of a measure • Does the measure consistently give the same results? • Validity = truthfulness of a measure • Is it measuring what the researcher thinks it is measuring?

  9. Types of Reliability • inter-observer • inter-item • test-retest • parallel forms

  10. Improving Reliability • Clear conceptualization • Use of most precise (or highest) level of measurement possible • Use of multiple indicators • Use of pretests, pilot studies, replication

  11. Validity • face validity • content validity • criterion validity • Predictive validity • Concurrent validity

  12. Relationship Between Reliability and Validity

  13. Internal and External Validity • Internal Validity • Can alternative explanations for change in the dependent variable be eliminated? • External Validity • Generalizability • Statistical Validity • Was the correct test used?

  14. Quantitative Variable Construction: • a) Continuous vs. Discrete categories • b) Levels of measurement: • nominal • ordinal • interval/ratio

  15. Scale or Index Construction • Composite Measures • Index vs. Scales • Mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes • Unidimensionality • Reproducibility

  16. Common Scales and Indexes • Likert Scale • Bogardus Social Distance Scale • Semantic Differential • Guttman Scale • Click Here for more detail on measurement.

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