Class 13, October 21

1. Class 13, October 21 • Word Work • Main Ideas • Review • Maria Montessori • Handwriting • Break • Profiles • Executive Function Next time: Testing Review Dehaene Discussion EF, Attention, Memory

2. Βουστροφηδόνboustrophedon • Ancient Greek boustrophedon inscription, Gortyn code, Crete, 5th c. B.C

3. Writing: βουστροφηδόν • Ancient Greek boustrophedon inscription, Gortyn code, Crete, 5th c. B.C

4. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν • he Etruscan alphabet developed from a Western variety of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Euboean Greeks. The earliest known inscription dates from the middle of the 6th century BC. Most Etruscan inscriptions are written in horizontal lines from rigth to left, but some are boustrophedon

5. Boustrophedon

6. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν • he Ancient Egytian Hieroglyphic script was written in any direction the was convenient: horizontally from right to left or left to right or vertically from top to bottom. The arrangement of the glyphs was partly determined by aesthetic considerations. When written horizontally, you can tell the direction of a piece of writing by looking at the way the animals and people are facing: they look towards the beginning of the line. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/direction.htm

7. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν • he Etruscan alphabet developed from a Western variety of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Euboean Greeks. The earliest known inscription dates from the middle of the 6th century BC. Most Etruscan inscriptions are written in horizontal lines from rigth to left, but some are boustrophedon http://www.omniglot.com/writing/direction.htm

8. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν • The Etruscan alphabet developed from a Western variety of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Euboean Greeks. The earliest known inscription dates from the middle of the 6th century BC. Most Etruscan inscriptions are written in horizontal lines from rigth to left, but some are boustrophedon http://www.omniglot.com/writing/direction.htm

9. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν

10. Handwriting: βουστροφηδόν • The Forum inscription (one of the oldest known Latin inscriptions) is written boustrophedon, albeit irregularly: reading from top to bottom, lines 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 run from right to left; lines 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15, from left to right; 8, 9, and 16 are upside down. (From a rubbing by Domenico Comparetti.)

11. Piaget, Harry Wachs, Hans Furth Visual Thinking

12. Movement Thinking • Two Interdependent systems • Kinesthesis • Movement of bones and joints - • resides in muscles • Proprioception • Awareness of where we are parts to whole • Where we were and where we are going (Playing catch) Visual system integrated

16. Class 13, October 21 Name that brain part

17. Interconnections Visual Areas and the Language aeas Dehaene

22. Dyslexia, word-blindness, a form of visual agnosia

23. Subtypes of Visual Agnosia Apperceptive agnosia Failure to organize a coherent percept. Breakdown of object constancy. Can recognize top picture but not bottom picture.

24. Object recognition requires successful categorization: Different percepts share similar properties. Same thing: identity Same type of object Same class of object Same function. Two types of categorization: Perceptual: Object constancy Apperceptive agnosia Functional: Semantic Associative agnosia

25. Subtypes of Visual Agnosia Apperceptive agnosia Failure to organize a coherent percept. Breakdown of object constancy. Associative agnosia Failure to access semantic knowledge. A disconnection syndrome. Some patients show category specific deficits.

26. Describe LEOPARD TOMATO

27. Describe LEOPARD TOMATO IRON HAMMER

28. Multiple Access Hypothesis Representation of living things is primarily visual. Representation of non-living things is visual and functional. Multiple routes to access knowledge. Functional/sensorimotor can support object recognition even if visual access system is noisy due to lesion.

29. Compare activation in sensorimotor regions for living and non-living things that can either be manipulated or not manipulated. Living Non-Living Manipulate NOT Identify Region of Interest (ROI) in premotor cortex. Measure BOLD response when people judge if stimulus is “Manmade” or “Natural”.

30. Compare activation in sensorimotor regions for living and non-living things that can either be manipulated or not manipulated. Living Non-Living Manipulate NOT Premotor Cortex ROI Animals Veggies/Fruits Big Objects Clothing

32. Maria Montessori

33. Handwriting Image: Dehaene. Reading in the Brain. p.291

34. Handwriting • Minimal Characteristics for letter recognition

35. Deciphering print and manuscript Dehaene et al,Unconsciously deciphering handwriting …

36. Class 13, October 21 Name that brain part

37. Primary sensory areas With secondary/association Multimodal areas identified w/ fMRI

38. Most specialized for letters Neural substrates that support the overlearned perceptual and motor interactions that we have with one specific category,that of letters.” James, K.H. , Gauthier, I.. “Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network in Neuropsychologia 44(2006)p.17

39. “FFG responds not only in bottom up perception of letters but also during top-down letter processing, either during a visual imagery task aswell as for writing from memory.” James, K.H. , Gauthier, I.. “Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network in Neuropsychologia 44(2006)p.2945

40. Janes • Patients with agraphia - writing errors can reveal areas implicated in writing • A parietal Frontal network • Frye found that the way we write letters influences the way we perceive letters

41. Letter Form Stability

42. Break Profiles

43. Where is the Boss?

44. Imaging studies consistently show activation across range of tasks involving cognitive control in medial frontal cortex. Aka: Executive Function Modified from MITOPENCOURSEWARE, 9.03:Neural Basis of Learning and Memory. Prof. Suzanne Corkin