The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics

1. The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics Forensic Science

2. Early Developments Third-century China manuscript (Yo Yu Ji ) describes how a coroner solved a murder case. woman killed husband, burned his body, and claimed accidental fire No ashes in husband�s mouth Burned two pigs � one alive and one dead Result???

3. �The Bow Street Runners� Established by Henry Fielding in 1750 Non-uniformed Londoners who literally ran to crime scenes to make informal observations Known as the first modern detective force 1st �professional� law enforcers

4. Initial Scientific Advances 1775 � Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele devised 1stsuccessful test for detecting arsenic in corpses 1814 � Spaniard Mathieu Orfila publishes treatise on detection of poisons and their effects on animals

5. Sir Robert Peel 1829: Helped to establish a Metropolitan police force in London (constables were known as �bobbies�) Peel is known as the father of modern policing.

6. Rogues Gallery Picture gallery of known criminals in New York Arranged by height and criminal specialty Founded in 1857

7. Anthropometry = �human measurements� Using body measurements as a means for personal identification Established in France by Alphonse Bertillon in 1883 System was abandoned after the discovery of dactylography (fingerprints)

8. Dactylography Fingerprinting (literally, �finger writing�) Made popular by Sir Francis Galton after writing his book, Finger Prints (1892) Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin.

9. Henry Classification System Est. by Sir Edward Henry of the Bengali, India, police force (1896) Used to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates --- NOT to identify a single person 1900- Henry system was adopted

10. Henry Classification System (cont.) Additional numbers assigned based on fingerprint patterns.

11. Bureau of Investigation Established in United States in 1908 Renamed as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1924

12. DNA 1987- Enderby Cases were first to use DNA as evidence (England) The FBI crime lab first used DNA analysis in 1988.

13. Now for your assignment� Do some research on the Henry system of fingerprinting. Write me a � page report on your findings

14. Matthieu Orfila (1787-1853) Father of forensic toxicology Study of poisons Published first report on poisons and their effects on animals Established forensic toxicology as a legitimate science

15. Francis Galton (1822-1911) First definitive study of fingerprints Developed a method of classification His research is the grounds for modern fingerprint identification

16. Leone Lattes (1887-1954) 1932 - Determined the procedure of determining blood type of a dried blood stain

17. Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) 1901 - Discovered blood type groups 1909 � classified human blood into A, B, AB, O groups 1937-1940 � discovered Rh factor Nobel Prize awarded in 1930

18. Calvin Goddard (1891-1955) Army Colonel � commanded US Army Crime Lab in Japan 1925 - Invented the comparison microscope Applied his invention to firearms identification

19. Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946) Responsible for establishing the techniques used for document examination His book Questioned Documents (1910) is still a primary resource for document examiners

20. Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002) World renowned microscopist and organic chemist Taught thousands of forensic scientists the techniques of forensic microscopy Most famous for his work on the Shroud of Turin Occasionally given hair of famous people to analyze (Napoleon; Beethoven)

21. Hans Gross (1847-1915) Wrote the first book on criminal investigation (Criminal Investigation � 1891) Set guidelines for microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropometry, and fingerprinting

22. Edmond Locard (1877-1966) Started the first police laboratory Established Locard�s Exchange Principle

23. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) First system of personal identification: anthropometry This procedure named him the father of criminal identification

24. Careers in Forensics Most careers require a Bachelor�s Degree in a science Most commonly forensic professionals major in chemistry, biology, physics or criminal justice

25. Forensic Toxicologist Detect toxic substances in the bodies being investigated Must hold at least a master�s degree in forensic toxicology Ph.D. preferred Seek employment in: Crime laboratories Medical Examiners Offices Police departments Criminal defense and prosecution attorneys Hospital and Clinical Chemistry Laboratories Pharmaceutical Industry High school science teachers

26. Crime Scene Investigator Tasks vary from drug identification to footprint examination to chemical identification Minimal 2 year associates degree but bachelor�s degree preferred On-site training Seek employment in: Crime lab Police/Sheriff departments State/Federal Investigation Offices

27. Forensic Nurse Examine rape victims, testify on behalf of medical examiner Licensed Nurse or Registered Nurse (LPN or RN) Specialized graduate degree or on-site training Seek employment in: Hospital Emergency Rooms State Medical Examiner�s Office FBI

28. Forensic Odontologist Examine bite marks and dental molds to identify victims and suspects Doctor of Dentistry required with specialization in forensic science Seek Employment in : Crime labs State Offices FBI Medical Examiner�s Office

29. Document Examiner Investigate forgery, document originality, handwriting comparisons Bachelors Degree required On-site training Seek Employment in: Crime labs Local law enforcement offices State/Federal Investigations

30. Forensic Pathologist Perform autopsies and examine bodies involved in unexpected and violent deaths Also known as medical examiner MD required, highly specialized training and years of medical experience Seek employment with: State Offices Federal Bureau of Investigation

31. Forensic Psychologist Determine the ability of a suspect or victim to mentally be able to withstand trial Must have doctorate in counseling or forensic psychologist and complete fellowship/internship in forensic psychology Seek employment in: State and local agencies Private practice

32. Forensic Anthropologist Identify bones and bone structures Ph.D. required Usually work in a college or university

33. Forensic Chemist Identify unknown substances, drug residue Bachelor�s degree or higher degree in Chemistry, Biochemistry, Toxicology, or Pharmacology Work in crime labs or private labs

34. Forensic Entomologist Identify time of death based on presence of insects and other organisms Ph.D. Required Work in college or university

35. Dactylographer Identify suspects based on latent prints 2 year associates degree or higher On-site training Work in: Private labs Crime labs Local departments/offices

36. Serologist Identify and examine body fluids Bachelor�s degree with coursework in biochemistry, statistics, genetics, & molecular biology Work in: Crime labs Private labs