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Statistical Methods. Preliminary Concepts. Variables Population vs sample Levels of measurement Types of research designs. Branches of Statistical Methods. Descriptive Statistics : describing the data through frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and variability, etc.
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Preliminary Concepts • Variables • Population vs sample • Levels of measurement • Types of research designs
Branches of Statistical Methods • Descriptive Statistics: describing the data through frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and variability, etc. • Inferential Statistics: Making inferences about populations by utilizing samples (e.g., are there IQ differences between the sexes)
Types of Variables • Constant: do not vary • Continuous Variable: can take on an infinite number of values • Discrete Variable: can take on a finite number of values
Four Types of Measurement Scales • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio
Types of research designs Correlational Experimental Quasi-experimental
Order of Operations • All calculations within parentheses are done first. • Squaring or raising to other exponents is done second. • Multiplying, and dividing are done third, and should be completed in order from left to right. • Summation with the Σ notation is done next. • Any additional adding and subtracting is done last and should be completed in order from left to right.