Unit #8: After the Cold War and New Nations

1. Unit #8:After the Cold War and New Nations Pages: (736-748) and (751-752) Courtesy of: Ayo Jones http://sjeltur.nl/wp-content/2009/02/usa-ussr.gif

2. Africa Overview • “Independent” since 1922. • Rich in resources. • Egypt gained total power over the Suez Canal in 1956. • Ghana became the first black African country to win its independence from Britain. • Most of the French colonies gained independence in 1960. • Non- aligned nation- A newly independent nation that chose not to align itself with either the USA and USSR in the Cold War. • After gaining independence many of the countries were unstable. http://www.twolia.com/blogs/zoboxrox/files/2009/04/africa.jpg

3. Egypt • 1952 Egyptian army officers, overthrew the government, by forcing King Farouk to abdicate. • 1956, British withdrew troops from Suez Canal, then Egypt nationalized the water way. • Israel, which was partaking in guerrilla warfare, worked with Britain and France to Retake the canal, and change governing policies. • Egyptian leader Nasser became a popular and respected Arab leader because he fought the British army and succeeded. • For assistance he looked toward the Soviet Union, to build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. • Very important hydroelectric innovation, worked to preserve the architecture. • Nasser died in 1970, Anwar Sadat followed him, and expelled all of the Soviet advisers. • This would cause issues for both the 1st and the 2nd world countries. • Sadat was assassinated, Hosni Mubarak followed him, and kept distance from the Soviet Union, and stayed in good acquaintance with the U.S. http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Suez%20Canal%20today.jpg

4. Congo • “Congo Crisis”, in 1960 showed the lingering existence of the Cold War Super power. • Congo is rich with resources, such as, diamonds, copper, coffee crude oil. • King Leopold II of Belgium was the first to make Congo its colony. • Small group of educated Congolese, demanded national and political rights, resulted in elections for local self government. • Patrice Lumumba was a candidate that provided national and militaristic leadership. • Anti government rioting began in January of1959. • By January of 1960, at the Round Table Conference in Brussels, Belgium quickly decided that Congo would be independent on June 30th 1960. • Prime minister Lumumba loathed the Belgians, an gave a speech stating it quite eloquently . • The president of Congo Kasavubu, shortly after independence dismissed Lumumba and Lumumba did the same to Kasavubu. • They both went to the united nations for assistance, the UN didn’t help so Lumumba called the USSR, making Congo a part of a bigger fight. • Lumumba was murdered. • Disputes with in the country continued. • Congo is a great example of a developing country getting in the middle of the remains of the Cold War, this didn’t result well for Congo. http://www.diasporando.net/section/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/lumbumba.jpg

5. Algeria • One Million French settlers won independence in 1962. After a long struggle that almost caused France a civil war. • Had the largest amount of North Africans, about 12% of the population. • Algeria was its own country with fair representation. • In 1940’s, reformist tried to created a nationalist, Arab-Islamic Algeria. • The Arab population was against foreign rule/involvement. • 1950’s Algerian revolution against French rule, led by the National Liberation Front. • Met by French repression. • Violence spread everywhere. • General Charles de Gaulle helped settle down the violence, and took over as president. • He granted Algeria independence. This was after 300,000 Algerians and 20,00o Frenchmen were killed. • Pretty much all of the European residents in Algeria left. • The amount of education in the community was very small. • Went into a period of guerilla warfare. Tried to start a centralized government . • Promoted Industrialization. • Natural gas resources were found. • Birth rate was high, many Algerians emigrated to France in search of jobs. “Nationalist Party in Algeria“ http://www.historycentral.com/Mideast/Algeriaind.gif

6. Mozambique, Angola and Guinea • Portugal held all of these places as colonies. • Mozambique and Angola held a coup in Portugal 1974. • Lead by dictators. Guinea was governed harshly and had repressive labor policies. • Forced 65,000 to 100,000 to travel and work in the mines in South Africa. • Each person had to hold their identification passbook at all times. • Press was censored. • Police abused their power. • Portugal believed that holding African colonies, was would make them strong. • They called theses areas that they controlled “provinces”. • In 1961 revolts broke out in all three colonies. • Portugal fought the freedom fighters with the help of the white South Africa. • USSR and Cuba aided the freedom fighters in their cause. • In 1974 a military coup captured the government of Portugal and granted independence. • All of the newly independent countries had different ideas to rule their governments by. http://unimaps.com/flags-africa/mozambique-flag.gif http://unimaps.com/flags-africa/angola-flag.gif

7. Client States and Proxy Wars • After independence many states were unstable, impoverished and challenged by social diversity. • The two major powers of USA and the USSR, took over smaller, usually third world countries, the resources. • They also supported their ideas such as Democracy and Communism.

8. Latin America • Fidel Castro began an revolution that overthrew the dictator Fulgencio Batista. • He was closely allied with the USSR so the US did not like them. • Americans feared Castro. • He worked cooperatively with other countries in the southern hemisphere. • Central American countries that had always been free, remained poor and divided, along with being dependent on the U.S • Most of these countries in Latin America were the definition of “third world” country.

9. Nicaragua • To gain control of Nicaragua, the U.S helped start up some revolts in 1909, they used American Marines to support the cause. • 1933 Nicaraguan National Guard joined the Americans. • Nicaraguan leader, Augusto Cesar Sandino reject the Americans and fought them using guerilla warfare. • He was eventually murdered by a team member that double crossed him. • Anastasio Somoza Garcia, was in the group against them, and became the president, then made the government into a dynasty. • He was not pleased with the living conditions of the people .Revolutionary movement by Sandista Front Liberation • By the time this new revolutionary group came to power, 50,000 people were killed in guerilla war fare. • Many people died after the long years of civil war. • They now have a well set up democracy and have a good relationship with America.

10. Guatemala and Panama • Low economic power • Attacked by Honduras • Leader was Colonel Jacobi Arbenz • He supported technological innovation of Nicaragua. • He wanted a power plant. • They were the main producers of bananas • He tried to form a strong army with weapons from Poland. • Then his government fell. • The French had permission from Columbia to build the panama canal. • It was in the most northern part of the country. • The project failed and it went up for sale. • President Roosevelt encouraged a small scale revolt. • After the revolt they were called an independent country. • They always were under the US • Jimmy Carter agreed to let the Panama Canal be under their role in 2000. • The transfer took place on December 31, 1999

11. Terrorism and the Pursuit of Peace • Guerilla warfare. • Remained cold after the Cold War. • The goal of terrorism is to put fear into everyone. • Both Nazi Germany and Communist Russia Terrorized their people.